Systems and methods for securely and transparently proxying  saas applications through a cloud-hosted or on-premise network gateway for enhanced security and visibility

ABSTRACT

Disclosed embodiments provide access to an application. An intermediary device may provide access to an application hosted by the server. The access may be provided to the client via a link that generates a first HTTP request for the application. The device may receive, from the client, the first HTTP request generated via the provided link. The device may rewrite an absolute URL of the application indicated in the first HTTP request, by replacing a first hostname of the server included in the absolute URL, with a URL segment generated by combining a unique string assigned to the first hostname with a second hostname of the device. The device may redirect the client to the rewritten absolute URL of the application.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present application generally relates to data communication networks. In particular, the present application relates to systems and methods for providing access to an application for client-less end user devices.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

An enterprise may provide various applications across a network to serve a variety of clients. A client may request to access resources provided by a server of the enterprise via a clientless secure socket layer virtual private network (SSL VPN) session. The enterprise may choose to allow or deny the clients to access the resources. Conventional approaches may pose limitations or face challenges in accessing some resources because of the type and/or nature of addresses referencing such resources. In addition, accessing such resources may impose the client to go through multiple authentications for each resource.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is directed towards systems and methods for securely and transparently proxying applications hosted on a server via clientless communication sessions, such as a secure socket layer virtual private network (SSL VPN), by rewriting hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) messages. On a given web-based resource (e.g., webpage, web-based application, etc.), other resources may be referenced (e.g., via hyperlinks) using absolute uniform resource locators (URLs) or relative URLs. An absolute URL may refer to a resource using a complete address of the resource, including the protocol, hostname, and file pathname. A relative URL may be referenced or dynamically generated by the resource and may refer to another resource using a partial address of the resource, including, for example, the file pathname. In the absence of an agent installed at the client, the URLs present in the HTTP requests and responses may be dynamically rewritten to direct the data flow for the application through the intermediary device. Without rewriting the URLs to reference the intermediary device, the data flow may end up going directly to the cloud server hosting the application. As such, any clicks on the web links provided to the user of the client may result in the request going to the cloud server, bypassing the intermediary device. To address this, the present systems and methods may leverage wildcard domain name system (DNS) entries and/or wildcard secure socket layer (SSL) certificates to achieve transparent proxying of applications hosted at the server. The intermediary device may identify the absolute URL present in a HTTP request from the client for an application hosted at the server. From the identified absolute URL, the intermediary device may extract the domain name of the requested application. The intermediary device may generate an encoding for the domain name of the requested application, and store a mapping between the encoding for the application and the original domain name. The intermediary device may then return a HTTP redirect response with a rewritten URL for the application, the rewritten URL including a hostname for the device prefixed with the encoding to the client. The DNS server for the client may be configured with a DNS entry with the hostname for the device and a wildcard, such that the DNS server resolves any subsequent requests with the rewritten URL to land on the device. Upon receipt of the HTTP redirect response, the client may send another HTTP request with the absolute URL for the device prefixed with the encoding and the additional application pathname. Prior to forwarding the request to the server hosting the resource, the intermediary device may fetch the mapping for the encoding for the application to identify the original domain name for the server hosting the application. The intermediary device may in turn rewrite the URL included in the request to replace the encoding and the absolute URL for the device with the original domain name for the server. The device may then forward the rewritten request to the server and may perform a sign-on for the client.

In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method of providing access to an application. A device intermediary between a client and a server may provide access to an application hosted by the server. The access may be provided to the client via a link that generates a first hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) request for the application. The device may receive, from the client, the first HTTP request generated via the provided link. The device may rewrite an absolute uniform resource locator (URL) of the application indicated in the first HTTP request, by replacing a first hostname of the server included in the absolute URL, with a URL segment generated by combining a unique string assigned to the first hostname with a second hostname of the device. The device may redirect the client to the rewritten absolute URL of the application. A domain name system (DNS) server for the client may be configured with a DNS entry. The DNS entry may include an expression to cause the DNS server to resolve the rewritten absolute URL to an internet protocol (IP) address of the device.

In some embodiments, the link may include a link presented in a browser executing on the client. In some embodiments, the first HTTP request for the application may be received from the browser. In some embodiments, the expression comprises a wildcard combined with the second hostname of the device.

In some embodiments, the device may receive a second HTTP request from the client comprising the rewritten absolute URL. The rewritten absolute URL may cause the DNS to direct the second HTTP request to the device. In some embodiments, the device may decode the unique string from a host header of a second HTTP request from the client. In some embodiments, the device may decode the unique string to obtain the first hostname of the server. The device may perform single sign-on (SSO) for a user of the client by sending a security assertion mark-up language (SAML) assertion to the server. In some embodiments, the device may receive, in response to the SAML assertion, an authentication token from the server.

In some embodiments, the device may identify, from the rewritten absolute URL, a URL portion identifying the application. In some embodiments, the device may send a third HTTP request comprising the identified URL portion to the server to access the application. In some embodiments, the device may receive a response to the third HTTP request comprising the identified URL portion. In some embodiments, the device may rewrite a second absolute URL identified in the response, by replacing a third hostname in the second absolute URL with a second URL segment generated by combining a second unique string assigned to the third hostname, with a second hostname of the device. In some embodiments, the device may send the response updated with the rewritten second absolute URL, to the client. In some embodiments, providing the unique string may include generating the unique string from the first hostname using an encoding scheme comprising one of: symmetric key encryption or base-32 encoding.

In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a system for providing access to an application. The system may include a proxy engine executing on a device intermediary between a client and a server. The proxy engine may provide access to an application hosted by the server. The access may be provided to the client via a link that generates a first hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) request for the application. The proxy engine may receive from the client the first HTTP request generated via the provided link. The proxy engine may rewrite an absolute uniform resource locator (URL) of the application indicated in the first HTTP request, by replacing a first hostname of the server included in the absolute URL, with a URL segment generated by combining a unique string assigned to the first hostname with a second hostname of the device. The proxy engine may redirect the client to the rewritten absolute URL of the application. A domain name system (DNS) server for the client may be configured with a DNS entry. The DNS entry may include an expression to cause the DNS server to resolve the rewritten absolute URL to an internet protocol (IP) address of the device.

In some embodiments, the link may include a link presented in a browser executing on the client. In some embodiments, the first HTTP request for the application may be received from the browser. In some embodiments, the expression comprises a wildcard combined with the second hostname of the device.

In some embodiments, the proxy engine may receive a second HTTP request from the client comprising the rewritten absolute URL. The rewritten absolute URL may cause the DNS to direct the second HTTP request to the device. In some embodiments, the proxy engine may decode the unique string from a host header of a second HTTP request from the client. In some embodiments, the proxy engine may decode the unique string to obtain the first hostname of the server. The proxy engine may perform single sign-on (SSO) for a user of the client by sending a security assertion mark-up language (SAML) assertion to the server. In some embodiments, the proxy engine may receive, in response to the SAML assertion, an authentication token from the server.

In some embodiments, the proxy engine may identify, from the rewritten absolute URL, a URL portion identifying the application. In some embodiments, the proxy engine may send a third HTTP request comprising the identified URL portion to the server to access the application. In some embodiments, the proxy engine may receive a response to the third HTTP request comprising the identified URL portion. In some embodiments, the proxy engine may rewrite a second absolute URL identified in the response, by replacing a third hostname in the second absolute URL with a second URL segment generated by combining a second unique string assigned to the third hostname, with a second hostname of the device. In some embodiments, the proxy engine may send the response updated with the rewritten second absolute URL, to the client. In some embodiments, the proxy engine may generate the unique string from the first hostname using an encoding scheme comprising one of: symmetric key encryption or base-32 encoding.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the present solution will become more apparent and better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of an embodiment of a network environment for a client to access a server via an appliance;

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of an embodiment of an environment for delivering a computing environment from a server to a client via an appliance;

FIG. 1C is a block diagram of another embodiment of an environment for delivering a computing environment from a server to a client via an appliance;

FIG. 1D is a block diagram of another embodiment of an environment for delivering a computing environment from a server to a client via an appliance;

FIGS. 1E-1H are block diagrams of embodiments of a computing device;

FIG. 2A is a block diagram of an embodiment of an appliance for processing communications between a client and a server;

FIG. 2B is a block diagram of another embodiment of an appliance for optimizing, accelerating, load-balancing and routing communications between a client and a server;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a client for communicating with a server via the appliance;

FIG. 4A is a block diagram of an embodiment of a virtualization environment;

FIG. 4B is a block diagram of another embodiment of a virtualization environment;

FIG. 4C is a block diagram of an embodiment of a virtualized appliance;

FIG. 5A are block diagrams of embodiments of approaches to implementing parallelism in a multi-core system;

FIG. 5B is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system utilizing a multi-core system;

FIG. 5C is a block diagram of another embodiment of an aspect of a multi-core system;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a cluster system;

FIGS. 7A and 7B are block diagrams of an embodiment of a system for clientless virtual private network access to a server via an appliance;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an embodiment of an appliance between a client and a server performing URL rewrite;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of steps of an embodiment of a method to perform URL rewriting on a client request;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of embodiments of a server response and a modified server response transmitted from a server to a client through an appliance; and

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of steps of an embodiment of a method to perform URL rewriting on a server response;

FIG. 12A is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system for providing access to an application hosted on a server via an intermediary;

FIG. 12B is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system for providing access to an application hosted on a server via multiple intermediaries;

FIG. 12C is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method for providing access to an application hosted on a server via an intermediary; and

FIG. 12D is a flow diagram an embodiment of a method for providing access to an application hosted on a server via an intermediary.

The features and advantages of the present solution will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which like reference characters identify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For purposes of reading the description of the various embodiments below, the following descriptions of the sections of the specification and their respective contents may be helpful:

Section A describes a network environment and computing environment which may be useful for practicing embodiments described herein;

Section B describes embodiments of systems and methods for delivering a computing environment to a remote user;

Section C describes embodiments of systems and methods for accelerating communications between a client and a server;

Section D describes embodiments of systems and methods for virtualizing an application delivery controller;

Section E describes embodiments of systems and methods for providing a multi-core architecture and environment;

Section F describes embodiments of systems and methods for providing a clustered appliance architecture environment;

Section G describes embodiments of clientless virtual private network environments;

Section H describes embodiments systems and methods for configuration and fine grain policy driven web content detection and rewrite; and

Section I describes embodiments of systems and methods for accessing applications hosted on a server via an intermediary.

A. Network and Computing Environment

Prior to discussing the specifics of embodiments of the systems and methods of an appliance and/or client, it may be helpful to discuss the network and computing environments in which such embodiments may be deployed. Referring now to FIG. 1A, an embodiment of a network environment is depicted. In brief overview, the network environment comprises one or more clients 102 a-102 n (also generally referred to as local machine(s) 102, or client(s) 102) in communication with one or more servers 106 a-106 n (also generally referred to as server(s) 106, or remote machine(s) 106) via one or more networks 104, 104′ (generally referred to as network 104). In some embodiments, a client 102 communicates with a server 106 via an appliance 200.

Although FIG. 1A shows a network 104 and a network 104′ between the clients 102 and the servers 106, the clients 102 and the servers 106 may be on the same network 104. The networks 104 and 104′ can be the same type of network or different types of networks. The network 104 and/or the network 104′ can be a local-area network (LAN), such as a company Intranet, a metropolitan area network (MAN), or a wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet or the World Wide Web. In one embodiment, network 104′ may be a private network and network 104 may be a public network. In some embodiments, network 104 may be a private network and network 104′ a public network. In another embodiment, networks 104 and 104′ may both be private networks. In some embodiments, clients 102 may be located at a branch office of a corporate enterprise communicating via a WAN connection over the network 104 to the servers 106 located at a corporate data center.

The network 104 and/or 104′ be any type and/or form of network and may include any of the following: a point to point network, a broadcast network, a wide area network, a local area network, a telecommunications network, a data communication network, a computer network, an ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) network, a SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) network, a SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) network, a wireless network and a wireline network. In some embodiments, the network 104 may comprise a wireless link, such as an infrared channel or satellite band. The topology of the network 104 and/or 104′ may be a bus, star, or ring network topology. The network 104 and/or 104′ and network topology may be of any such network or network topology as known to those ordinarily skilled in the art capable of supporting the operations described herein.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the appliance 200, which also may be referred to as an interface unit 200 or gateway 200, is shown between the networks 104 and 104′. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 may be located on network 104. For example, a branch office of a corporate enterprise may deploy an appliance 200 at the branch office. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 may be located on network 104′. For example, an appliance 200 may be located at a corporate data center. In yet another embodiment, a plurality of appliances 200 may be deployed on network 104. In some embodiments, a plurality of appliances 200 may be deployed on network 104′. In one embodiment, a first appliance 200 communicates with a second appliance 200′. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 could be a part of any client 102 or server 106 on the same or different network 104,104′ as the client 102. One or more appliances 200 may be located at any point in the network or network communications path between a client 102 and a server 106.

In some embodiments, the appliance 200 comprises any of the network devices manufactured by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale Fla., referred to as NetScaler® devices. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 includes any of the product embodiments referred to as WebAccelerator and BigIP manufactured by F5 Networks, Inc. of Seattle, Wash. In another embodiment, the appliance 205 includes any of the DX acceleration device platforms and/or the SSL VPN series of devices, such as SA 700, SA 2000, SA 4000, and SA 6000 devices manufactured by Juniper Networks, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif. In yet another embodiment, the appliance 200 includes any application acceleration and/or security related appliances and/or software manufactured by Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif., such as the Cisco ACE Application Control Engine Module service software and network modules, and Cisco AVS Series Application Velocity System.

In one embodiment, the system may include multiple, logically-grouped servers 106. In these embodiments, the logical group of servers may be referred to as a server farm 38. In some of these embodiments, the serves 106 may be geographically dispersed. In some cases, a farm 38 may be administered as a single entity. In other embodiments, the server farm 38 comprises a plurality of server farms 38. In one embodiment, the server farm executes one or more applications on behalf of one or more clients 102.

The servers 106 within each farm 38 can be heterogeneous. One or more of the servers 106 can operate according to one type of operating system platform (e.g., WINDOWS NT, manufactured by Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash.), while one or more of the other servers 106 can operate on according to another type of operating system platform (e.g., Unix or Linux). The servers 106 of each farm 38 do not need to be physically proximate to another server 106 in the same farm 38. Thus, the group of servers 106 logically grouped as a farm 38 may be interconnected using a wide-area network (WAN) connection or medium-area network (MAN) connection. For example, a farm 38 may include servers 106 physically located in different continents or different regions of a continent, country, state, city, campus, or room. Data transmission speeds between servers 106 in the farm 38 can be increased if the servers 106 are connected using a local-area network (LAN) connection or some form of direct connection.

Servers 106 may be referred to as a file server, application server, web server, proxy server, or gateway server. In some embodiments, a server 106 may have the capacity to function as either an application server or as a master application server. In one embodiment, a server 106 may include an Active Directory. The clients 102 may also be referred to as client nodes or endpoints. In some embodiments, a client 102 has the capacity to function as both a client node seeking access to applications on a server and as an application server providing access to hosted applications for other clients 102 a-102 n.

In some embodiments, a client 102 communicates with a server 106. In one embodiment, the client 102 communicates directly with one of the servers 106 in a farm 38. In another embodiment, the client 102 executes a program neighborhood application to communicate with a server 106 in a farm 38. In still another embodiment, the server 106 provides the functionality of a master node. In some embodiments, the client 102 communicates with the server 106 in the farm 38 through a network 104. Over the network 104, the client 102 can, for example, request execution of various applications hosted by the servers 106 a-106 n in the farm 38 and receive output of the results of the application execution for display. In some embodiments, only the master node provides the functionality required to identify and provide address information associated with a server 106′ hosting a requested application.

In one embodiment, the server 106 provides functionality of a web server. In another embodiment, the server 106 a receives requests from the client 102, forwards the requests to a second server 106 b and responds to the request by the client 102 with a response to the request from the server 106 b. In still another embodiment, the server 106 acquires an enumeration of applications available to the client 102 and address information associated with a server 106 hosting an application identified by the enumeration of applications. In yet another embodiment, the server 106 presents the response to the request to the client 102 using a web interface. In one embodiment, the client 102 communicates directly with the server 106 to access the identified application. In another embodiment, the client 102 receives application output data, such as display data, generated by an execution of the identified application on the server 106.

Referring now to FIG. 1B, an embodiment of a network environment deploying multiple appliances 200 is depicted. A first appliance 200 may be deployed on a first network 104 and a second appliance 200′ on a second network 104′. For example a corporate enterprise may deploy a first appliance 200 at a branch office and a second appliance 200′ at a data center. In another embodiment, the first appliance 200 and second appliance 200′ are deployed on the same network 104 or network 104. For example, a first appliance 200 may be deployed for a first server farm 38, and a second appliance 200 may be deployed for a second server farm 38′. In another example, a first appliance 200 may be deployed at a first branch office while the second appliance 200′ is deployed at a second branch office′. In some embodiments, the first appliance 200 and second appliance 200′ work in cooperation or in conjunction with each other to accelerate network traffic or the delivery of application and data between a client and a server

Referring now to FIG. 1C, another embodiment of a network environment deploying the appliance 200 with one or more other types of appliances, such as between one or more WAN optimization appliance 205, 205′ is depicted. For example a first WAN optimization appliance 205 is shown between networks 104 and 104′ and a second WAN optimization appliance 205′ may be deployed between the appliance 200 and one or more servers 106. By way of example, a corporate enterprise may deploy a first WAN optimization appliance 205 at a branch office and a second WAN optimization appliance 205′ at a data center. In some embodiments, the appliance 205 may be located on network 104′. In other embodiments, the appliance 205′ may be located on network 104. In some embodiments, the appliance 205′ may be located on network 104′ or network 104″. In one embodiment, the appliance 205 and 205′ are on the same network. In another embodiment, the appliance 205 and 205′ are on different networks. In another example, a first WAN optimization appliance 205 may be deployed for a first server farm 38 and a second WAN optimization appliance 205′ for a second server farm 38′

In one embodiment, the appliance 205 is a device for accelerating, optimizing or otherwise improving the performance, operation, or quality of service of any type and form of network traffic, such as traffic to and/or from a WAN connection. In some embodiments, the appliance 205 is a performance enhancing proxy. In other embodiments, the appliance 205 is any type and form of WAN optimization or acceleration device, sometimes also referred to as a WAN optimization controller. In one embodiment, the appliance 205 is any of the product embodiments referred to as CloudBridge® manufactured by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. In other embodiments, the appliance 205 includes any of the product embodiments referred to as BIG-IP link controller and WANjet manufactured by F5 Networks, Inc. of Seattle, Wash. In another embodiment, the appliance 205 includes any of the WX and WXC WAN acceleration device platforms manufactured by Juniper Networks, Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif. In some embodiments, the appliance 205 includes any of the steelhead line of WAN optimization appliances manufactured by Riverbed Technology of San Francisco, Calif. In other embodiments, the appliance 205 includes any of the WAN related devices manufactured by Expand Networks Inc. of Roseland, N.J. In one embodiment, the appliance 205 includes any of the WAN related appliances manufactured by Packeteer Inc. of Cupertino, Calif., such as the PacketShaper, iShared, and SkyX product embodiments provided by Packeteer. In yet another embodiment, the appliance 205 includes any WAN related appliances and/or software manufactured by Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif., such as the Cisco Wide Area Network Application Services software and network modules, and Wide Area Network engine appliances.

In one embodiment, the appliance 205 provides application and data acceleration services for branch-office or remote offices. In one embodiment, the appliance 205 includes optimization of Wide Area File Services (WAFS). In another embodiment, the appliance 205 accelerates the delivery of files, such as via the Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol. In other embodiments, the appliance 205 provides caching in memory and/or storage to accelerate delivery of applications and data. In one embodiment, the appliance 205 provides compression of network traffic at any level of the network stack or at any protocol or network layer. In another embodiment, the appliance 205 provides transport layer protocol optimizations, flow control, performance enhancements or modifications and/or management to accelerate delivery of applications and data over a WAN connection. For example, in one embodiment, the appliance 205 provides Transport Control Protocol (TCP) optimizations. In other embodiments, the appliance 205 provides optimizations, flow control, performance enhancements or modifications and/or management for any session or application layer protocol.

In another embodiment, the appliance 205 encoded any type and form of data or information into custom or standard TCP and/or IP header fields or option fields of network packet to announce presence, functionality or capability to another appliance 205′. In another embodiment, an appliance 205′ may communicate with another appliance 205′ using data encoded in both TCP and/or IP header fields or options. For example, the appliance may use TCP option(s) or IP header fields or options to communicate one or more parameters to be used by the appliances 205, 205′ in performing functionality, such as WAN acceleration, or for working in conjunction with each other.

In some embodiments, the appliance 200 preserves any of the information encoded in TCP and/or IP header and/or option fields communicated between appliances 205 and 205′. For example, the appliance 200 may terminate a transport layer connection traversing the appliance 200, such as a transport layer connection from between a client and a server traversing appliances 205 and 205′. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 identifies and preserves any encoded information in a transport layer packet transmitted by a first appliance 205 via a first transport layer connection and communicates a transport layer packet with the encoded information to a second appliance 205′ via a second transport layer connection.

Referring now to FIG. 1D, a network environment for delivering and/or operating a computing environment on a client 102 is depicted. In some embodiments, a server 106 includes an application delivery system 190 for delivering a computing environment or an application and/or data file to one or more clients 102. In brief overview, a client 10 is in communication with a server 106 via network 104, 104′ and appliance 200. For example, the client 102 may reside in a remote office of a company, e.g., a branch office, and the server 106 may reside at a corporate data center. The client 102 comprises a client agent 120, and a computing environment 15. The computing environment 15 may execute or operate an application that accesses, processes or uses a data file. The computing environment 15, application and/or data file may be delivered via the appliance 200 and/or the server 106.

In some embodiments, the appliance 200 accelerates delivery of a computing environment 15, or any portion thereof, to a client 102. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 accelerates the delivery of the computing environment 15 by the application delivery system 190. For example, the embodiments described herein may be used to accelerate delivery of a streaming application and data file processable by the application from a central corporate data center to a remote user location, such as a branch office of the company. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 accelerates transport layer traffic between a client 102 and a server 106. The appliance 200 may provide acceleration techniques for accelerating any transport layer payload from a server 106 to a client 102, such as: 1) transport layer connection pooling, 2) transport layer connection multiplexing, 3) transport control protocol buffering, 4) compression and 5) caching. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 provides load balancing of servers 106 in responding to requests from clients 102. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 acts as a proxy or access server to provide access to the one or more servers 106. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 provides a secure virtual private network connection from a first network 104 of the client 102 to the second network 104′ of the server 106, such as an SSL VPN connection. It yet other embodiments, the appliance 200 provides application firewall security, control and management of the connection and communications between a client 102 and a server 106.

In some embodiments, the application delivery management system 190 provides application delivery techniques to deliver a computing environment to a desktop of a user, remote or otherwise, based on a plurality of execution methods and based on any authentication and authorization policies applied via a policy engine 195. With these techniques, a remote user may obtain a computing environment and access to server stored applications and data files from any network connected device 100. In one embodiment, the application delivery system 190 may reside or execute on a server 106. In another embodiment, the application delivery system 190 may reside or execute on a plurality of servers 106 a-106 n. In some embodiments, the application delivery system 190 may execute in a server farm 38. In one embodiment, the server 106 executing the application delivery system 190 may also store or provide the application and data file. In another embodiment, a first set of one or more servers 106 may execute the application delivery system 190, and a different server 106 n may store or provide the application and data file. In some embodiments, each of the application delivery system 190, the application, and data file may reside or be located on different servers. In yet another embodiment, any portion of the application delivery system 190 may reside, execute or be stored on or distributed to the appliance 200, or a plurality of appliances.

The client 102 may include a computing environment 15 for executing an application that uses or processes a data file. The client 102 via networks 104, 104′ and appliance 200 may request an application and data file from the server 106. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 may forward a request from the client 102 to the server 106. For example, the client 102 may not have the application and data file stored or accessible locally. In response to the request, the application delivery system 190 and/or server 106 may deliver the application and data file to the client 102. For example, in one embodiment, the server 106 may transmit the application as an application stream to operate in computing environment 15 on client 102.

In some embodiments, the application delivery system 190 comprises any portion of the Citrix Workspace Suite™ by Citrix Systems, Inc., such as XenApp® or XenDesktop® and/or any of the Microsoft® Windows Terminal Services manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation. In one embodiment, the application delivery system 190 may deliver one or more applications to clients 102 or users via a remote-display protocol or otherwise via remote-based or server-based computing. In another embodiment, the application delivery system 190 may deliver one or more applications to clients or users via steaming of the application.

In one embodiment, the application delivery system 190 includes a policy engine 195 for controlling and managing the access to, selection of application execution methods and the delivery of applications. In some embodiments, the policy engine 195 determines the one or more applications a user or client 102 may access. In another embodiment, the policy engine 195 determines how the application should be delivered to the user or client 102, e.g., the method of execution. In some embodiments, the application delivery system 190 provides a plurality of delivery techniques from which to select a method of application execution, such as a server-based computing, streaming or delivering the application locally to the client 120 for local execution.

In one embodiment, a client 102 requests execution of an application program and the application delivery system 190 comprising a server 106 selects a method of executing the application program. In some embodiments, the server 106 receives credentials from the client 102. In another embodiment, the server 106 receives a request for an enumeration of available applications from the client 102. In one embodiment, in response to the request or receipt of credentials, the application delivery system 190 enumerates a plurality of application programs available to the client 102. The application delivery system 190 receives a request to execute an enumerated application. The application delivery system 190 selects one of a predetermined number of methods for executing the enumerated application, for example, responsive to a policy of a policy engine. The application delivery system 190 may select a method of execution of the application enabling the client 102 to receive application-output data generated by execution of the application program on a server 106. The application delivery system 190 may select a method of execution of the application enabling the local machine 10 to execute the application program locally after retrieving a plurality of application files comprising the application. In yet another embodiment, the application delivery system 190 may select a method of execution of the application to stream the application via the network 104 to the client 102.

A client 102 may execute, operate or otherwise provide an application, which can be any type and/or form of software, program, or executable instructions such as any type and/or form of web browser, web-based client, client-server application, a thin-client computing client, an ActiveX control, or a Java applet, or any other type and/or form of executable instructions capable of executing on client 102. In some embodiments, the application may be a server-based or a remote-based application executed on behalf of the client 102 on a server 106. In one embodiments the server 106 may display output to the client 102 using any thin-client or remote-display protocol, such as the Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) protocol manufactured by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. or the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. The application can use any type of protocol and it can be, for example, an HTTP client, an FTP client, an Oscar client, or a Telnet client. In other embodiments, the application comprises any type of software related to VoIP communications, such as a soft IP telephone. In further embodiments, the application comprises any application related to real-time data communications, such as applications for streaming video and/or audio.

In some embodiments, the server 106 or a server farm 38 may be running one or more applications, such as an application providing a thin-client computing or remote display presentation application. In one embodiment, the server 106 or server farm 38 executes as an application, any portion of the Citrix Workspace Suite™ by Citrix Systems, Inc., such as XenApp® or XenDesktop®, and/or any of the Microsoft® Windows Terminal Services manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation. In one embodiment, the application is an ICA client, developed by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. In other embodiments, the application includes a Remote Desktop (RDP) client, developed by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. Also, the server 106 may run an application, which for example, may be an application server providing email services such as Microsoft Exchange manufactured by the Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., a web or Internet server, or a desktop sharing server, or a collaboration server. In some embodiments, any of the applications may comprise any type of hosted service or products, such as GoToMeeting™ provided by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla., WebEx™ provided by Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif., or Microsoft Office Live Meeting provided by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash.

Still referring to FIG. 1D, an embodiment of the network environment may include a monitoring server 106A. The monitoring server 106A may include any type and form performance monitoring service 198. The performance monitoring service 198 may include monitoring, measurement and/or management software and/or hardware, including data collection, aggregation, analysis, management and reporting. In one embodiment, the performance monitoring service 198 includes one or more monitoring agents 197. The monitoring agent 197 includes any software, hardware or combination thereof for performing monitoring, measurement and data collection activities on a device, such as a client 102, server 106 or an appliance 200, 205. In some embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 includes any type and form of script, such as Visual Basic script, or Javascript. In one embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 executes transparently to any application and/or user of the device. In some embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 is installed and operated unobtrusively to the application or client. In yet another embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 is installed and operated without any instrumentation for the application or device.

In some embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 monitors, measures and collects data on a predetermined frequency. In other embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 monitors, measures and collects data based upon detection of any type and form of event. For example, the monitoring agent 197 may collect data upon detection of a request for a web page or receipt of an HTTP response. In another example, the monitoring agent 197 may collect data upon detection of any user input events, such as a mouse click. The monitoring agent 197 may report or provide any monitored, measured or collected data to the monitoring service 198. In one embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 transmits information to the monitoring service 198 according to a schedule or a predetermined frequency. In another embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 transmits information to the monitoring service 198 upon detection of an event.

In some embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 performs monitoring and performance measurement of any network resource or network infrastructure element, such as a client, server, server farm, appliance 200, appliance 205, or network connection. In one embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 performs monitoring and performance measurement of any transport layer connection, such as a TCP or UDP connection. In another embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures network latency. In yet one embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures bandwidth utilization.

In other embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures end-user response times. In some embodiments, the monitoring service 198 performs monitoring and performance measurement of an application. In another embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 performs monitoring and performance measurement of any session or connection to the application. In one embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of a browser. In another embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of HTTP based transactions. In some embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of a Voice over IP (VoIP) application or session. In other embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of a remote display protocol application, such as an ICA client or RDP client. In yet another embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of any type and form of streaming media. In still a further embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of a hosted application or a Software-As-A-Service (SaaS) delivery model.

In some embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 performs monitoring and performance measurement of one or more transactions, requests or responses related to application. In other embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures any portion of an application layer stack, such as any .NET or J2EE calls. In one embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures database or SQL transactions. In yet another embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures any method, function or application programming interface (API) call.

In one embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 performs monitoring and performance measurement of a delivery of application and/or data from a server to a client via one or more appliances, such as appliance 200 and/or appliance 205. In some embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of delivery of a virtualized application. In other embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of delivery of a streaming application. In another embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of delivery of a desktop application to a client and/or the execution of the desktop application on the client. In another embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of a client/server application.

In one embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 is designed and constructed to provide application performance management for the application delivery system 190. For example, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 may monitor, measure and manage the performance of the delivery of applications via the Citrix Presentation Server. In this example, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors individual ICA sessions. The monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 may measure the total and per session system resource usage, as well as application and networking performance. The monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 may identify the active servers for a given user and/or user session. In some embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 monitors back-end connections between the application delivery system 190 and an application and/or database server. The monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 may measure network latency, delay and volume per user-session or ICA session.

In some embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors memory usage for the application delivery system 190, such as total memory usage, per user session and/or per process. In other embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors CPU usage the application delivery system 190, such as total CPU usage, per user session and/or per process. In another embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors the time required to log-in to an application, a server, or the application delivery system, such as Citrix Presentation Server. In one embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors the duration a user is logged into an application, a server, or the application delivery system 190. In some embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors active and inactive session counts for an application, server or application delivery system session. In yet another embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors user session latency.

In yet further embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors measures and monitors any type and form of server metrics. In one embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors metrics related to system memory, CPU usage, and disk storage. In another embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors metrics related to page faults, such as page faults per second. In other embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors round-trip time metrics. In yet another embodiment, the monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors metrics related to application crashes, errors and/or hangs.

In some embodiments, the monitoring service 198 and monitoring agent 198 includes any of the product embodiments referred to as EdgeSight manufactured by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. In another embodiment, the performance monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 198 includes any portion of the product embodiments referred to as the TrueView product suite manufactured by the Symphoniq Corporation of Palo Alto, Calif. In one embodiment, the performance monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 198 includes any portion of the product embodiments referred to as the TeaLeaf CX product suite manufactured by the TeaLeaf Technology Inc. of San Francisco, Calif. In other embodiments, the performance monitoring service 198 and/or monitoring agent 198 includes any portion of the business service management products, such as the BMC Performance Manager and Patrol products, manufactured by BMC Software, Inc. of Houston, Tex.

The client 102, server 106, and appliance 200 may be deployed as and/or executed on any type and form of computing device, such as a computer, network device or appliance capable of communicating on any type and form of network and performing the operations described herein. FIGS. 1E and 1F depict block diagrams of a computing device 100 useful for practicing an embodiment of the client 102, server 106 or appliance 200. As shown in FIGS. 1E and 1F, each computing device 100 includes a central processing unit 101, and a main memory unit 122. As shown in FIG. 1E, a computing device 100 may include a visual display device 124, a keyboard 126 and/or a pointing device 127, such as a mouse. Each computing device 100 may also include additional optional elements, such as one or more input/output devices 130 a-130 b (generally referred to using reference numeral 130), and a cache memory 140 in communication with the central processing unit 101.

The central processing unit 101 is any logic circuitry that responds to and processes instructions fetched from the main memory unit 122. In many embodiments, the central processing unit is provided by a microprocessor unit, such as: those manufactured by Intel Corporation of Mountain View, Calif.; those manufactured by Motorola Corporation of Schaumburg, Ill.; those manufactured by Transmeta Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif.; the RS/6000 processor, those manufactured by International Business Machines of White Plains, N.Y.; or those manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices of Sunnyvale, Calif. The computing device 100 may be based on any of these processors, or any other processor capable of operating as described herein.

Main memory unit 122 may be one or more memory chips capable of storing data and allowing any storage location to be directly accessed by the microprocessor 101, such as Static random access memory (SRAM), Burst SRAM or SynchBurst SRAM (BSRAM), Dynamic random access memory (DRAM), Fast Page Mode DRAM (FPM DRAM), Enhanced DRAM (EDRAM), Extended Data Output RAM (EDO RAM), Extended Data Output DRAM (EDO DRAM), Burst Extended Data Output DRAM (BEDO DRAM), Enhanced DRAM (EDRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), JEDEC SRAM, PC100 SDRAM, Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), Enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), SyncLink DRAM (SLDRAM), Direct Rambus DRAM (DRDRAM), or Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM). The main memory 122 may be based on any of the above described memory chips, or any other available memory chips capable of operating as described herein. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1E, the processor 101 communicates with main memory 122 via a system bus 150 (described in more detail below). FIG. 1F depicts an embodiment of a computing device 100 in which the processor communicates directly with main memory 122 via a memory port 103. For example, in FIG. 1F the main memory 122 may be DRDRAM.

FIG. 1F depicts an embodiment in which the main processor 101 communicates directly with cache memory 140 via a secondary bus, sometimes referred to as a backside bus. In other embodiments, the main processor 101 communicates with cache memory 140 using the system bus 150. Cache memory 140 typically has a faster response time than main memory 122 and is typically provided by SRAM, BSRAM, or EDRAM. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1F, the processor 101 communicates with various I/O devices 130 via a local system bus 150. Various busses may be used to connect the central processing unit 101 to any of the I/O devices 130, including a VESA VL bus, an ISA bus, an EISA bus, a MicroChannel Architecture (MCA) bus, a PCI bus, a PCI-X bus, a PCI-Express bus, or a NuBus. For embodiments in which the I/O device is a video display 124, the processor 101 may use an Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) to communicate with the display 124. FIG. 1F depicts an embodiment of a computer 100 in which the main processor 101 communicates directly with I/O device 130 b via HyperTransport, Rapid I/O, or InfiniBand. FIG. 1F also depicts an embodiment in which local busses and direct communication are mixed: the processor 101 communicates with I/O device 130 b using a local interconnect bus while communicating with I/O device 130 a directly.

The computing device 100 may support any suitable installation device 116, such as a floppy disk drive for receiving floppy disks such as 3.5-inch, 5.25-inch disks or ZIP disks, a CD-ROM drive, a CD-R/RW drive, a DVD-ROM drive, tape drives of various formats, USB device, hard-drive or any other device suitable for installing software and programs such as any client agent 120, or portion thereof. The computing device 100 may further comprise a storage device 128, such as one or more hard disk drives or redundant arrays of independent disks, for storing an operating system and other related software, and for storing application software programs such as any program related to the client agent 120. Optionally, any of the installation devices 116 could also be used as the storage device 128. Additionally, the operating system and the software can be run from a bootable medium, for example, a bootable CD, such as KNOPPIX®, a bootable CD for GNU/Linux that is available as a GNU/Linux distribution from knoppix.net.

Furthermore, the computing device 100 may include a network interface 118 to interface to a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) or the Internet through a variety of connections including, but not limited to, standard telephone lines, LAN or WAN links (e.g., 802.11, T1, T3, 56 kb, X.25), broadband connections (e.g., ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM), wireless connections, or some combination of any or all of the above. The network interface 118 may comprise a built-in network adapter, network interface card, PCMCIA network card, card bus network adapter, wireless network adapter, USB network adapter, modem or any other device suitable for interfacing the computing device 100 to any type of network capable of communication and performing the operations described herein.

A wide variety of I/O devices 130 a-130 n may be present in the computing device 100. Input devices include keyboards, mice, trackpads, trackballs, microphones, and drawing tablets. Output devices include video displays, speakers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and dye-sublimation printers. The I/O devices 130 may be controlled by an I/O controller 123 as shown in FIG. 1E. The I/O controller may control one or more I/O devices such as a keyboard 126 and a pointing device 127, e.g., a mouse or optical pen. Furthermore, an I/O device may also provide storage 128 and/or an installation medium 116 for the computing device 100. In still other embodiments, the computing device 100 may provide USB connections to receive handheld USB storage devices such as the USB Flash Drive line of devices manufactured by Twintech Industry, Inc. of Los Alamitos, Calif.

In some embodiments, the computing device 100 may comprise or be connected to multiple display devices 124 a-124 n, which each may be of the same or different type and/or form. As such, any of the I/O devices 130 a-130 n and/or the I/O controller 123 may comprise any type and/or form of suitable hardware, software, or combination of hardware and software to support, enable or provide for the connection and use of multiple display devices 124 a-124 n by the computing device 100. For example, the computing device 100 may include any type and/or form of video adapter, video card, driver, and/or library to interface, communicate, connect or otherwise use the display devices 124 a-124 n. In one embodiment, a video adapter may comprise multiple connectors to interface to multiple display devices 124 a-124 n. In other embodiments, the computing device 100 may include multiple video adapters, with each video adapter connected to one or more of the display devices 124 a-124 n. In some embodiments, any portion of the operating system of the computing device 100 may be configured for using multiple displays 124 a-124 n. In other embodiments, one or more of the display devices 124 a-124 n may be provided by one or more other computing devices, such as computing devices 100 a and 100 b connected to the computing device 100, for example, via a network. These embodiments may include any type of software designed and constructed to use another computer's display device as a second display device 124 a for the computing device 100. One ordinarily skilled in the art will recognize and appreciate the various ways and embodiments that a computing device 100 may be configured to have multiple display devices 124 a-124 n.

In further embodiments, an I/O device 130 may be a bridge 170 between the system bus 150 and an external communication bus, such as a USB bus, an Apple Desktop Bus, an RS-232 serial connection, a SCSI bus, a FireWire bus, a FireWire 800 bus, an Ethernet bus, an AppleTalk bus, a Gigabit Ethernet bus, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode bus, a HIPPI bus, a Super HIPPI bus, a SerialPlus bus, a SCI/LAMP bus, a FibreChannel bus, or a Serial Attached small computer system interface bus.

A computing device 100 of the sort depicted in FIGS. 1E and 1F typically operate under the control of operating systems, which control scheduling of tasks and access to system resources. The computing device 100 can be running any operating system such as any of the versions of the Microsoft® Windows operating systems, the different releases of the Unix and Linux operating systems, any version of the Mac OS® for Macintosh computers, any embedded operating system, any real-time operating system, any open source operating system, any proprietary operating system, any operating systems for mobile computing devices, or any other operating system capable of running on the computing device and performing the operations described herein. Typical operating systems include: WINDOWS 3.x, WINDOWS 95, WINDOWS 98, WINDOWS 2000, WINDOWS NT 3.51, WINDOWS NT 4.0, WINDOWS CE, and WINDOWS XP, all of which are manufactured by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash.; MacOS, manufactured by Apple Computer of Cupertino, Calif.; OS/2, manufactured by International Business Machines of Armonk, N.Y.; and Linux, a freely-available operating system distributed by Caldera Corp. of Salt Lake City, Utah, or any type and/or form of a UNIX operating system, among others.

In other embodiments, the computing device 100 may have different processors, operating systems, and input devices consistent with the device. For example, in one embodiment the computer 100 is a Treo 180, 270, 1060, 600 or 650 smart phone manufactured by Palm, Inc. In this embodiment, the Treo smart phone is operated under the control of the PalmOS operating system and includes a stylus input device as well as a five-way navigator device. Moreover, the computing device 100 can be any workstation, desktop computer, laptop or notebook computer, server, handheld computer, mobile telephone, any other computer, or other form of computing or telecommunications device that is capable of communication and that has sufficient processor power and memory capacity to perform the operations described herein.

As shown in FIG. 1G, the computing device 100 may comprise multiple processors and may provide functionality for simultaneous execution of instructions or for simultaneous execution of one instruction on more than one piece of data. In some embodiments, the computing device 100 may comprise a parallel processor with one or more cores. In one of these embodiments, the computing device 100 is a shared memory parallel device, with multiple processors and/or multiple processor cores, accessing all available memory as a single global address space. In another of these embodiments, the computing device 100 is a distributed memory parallel device with multiple processors each accessing local memory only. In still another of these embodiments, the computing device 100 has both some memory which is shared and some memory which can only be accessed by particular processors or subsets of processors. In still even another of these embodiments, the computing device 100, such as a multi-core microprocessor, combines two or more independent processors into a single package, often a single integrated circuit (IC). In yet another of these embodiments, the computing device 100 includes a chip having a CELL BROADBAND ENGINE architecture and including a Power processor element and a plurality of synergistic processing elements, the Power processor element and the plurality of synergistic processing elements linked together by an internal high speed bus, which may be referred to as an element interconnect bus.

In some embodiments, the processors provide functionality for execution of a single instruction simultaneously on multiple pieces of data (SIMD). In other embodiments, the processors provide functionality for execution of multiple instructions simultaneously on multiple pieces of data (MIMD). In still other embodiments, the processor may use any combination of SIMD and MIMD cores in a single device.

In some embodiments, the computing device 100 may comprise a graphics processing unit. In one of these embodiments depicted in FIG. 1H, the computing device 100 includes at least one central processing unit 101 and at least one graphics processing unit. In another of these embodiments, the computing device 100 includes at least one parallel processing unit and at least one graphics processing unit. In still another of these embodiments, the computing device 100 includes a plurality of processing units of any type, one of the plurality of processing units comprising a graphics processing unit.

In some embodiments, a first computing device 100 a executes an application on behalf of a user of a client computing device 100 b. In other embodiments, a computing device 100 a executes a virtual machine, which provides an execution session within which applications execute on behalf of a user or a client computing devices 100 b. In one of these embodiments, the execution session is a hosted desktop session. In another of these embodiments, the computing device 100 executes a terminal services session. The terminal services session may provide a hosted desktop environment. In still another of these embodiments, the execution session provides access to a computing environment, which may comprise one or more of: an application, a plurality of applications, a desktop application, and a desktop session in which one or more applications may execute.

B. Appliance Architecture

FIG. 2A illustrates an example embodiment of the appliance 200. The architecture of the appliance 200 in FIG. 2A is provided by way of illustration only and is not intended to be limiting. As shown in FIG. 2, appliance 200 comprises a hardware layer 206 and a software layer divided into a user space 202 and a kernel space 204.

Hardware layer 206 provides the hardware elements upon which programs and services within kernel space 204 and user space 202 are executed. Hardware layer 206 also provides the structures and elements which allow programs and services within kernel space 204 and user space 202 to communicate data both internally and externally with respect to appliance 200. As shown in FIG. 2, the hardware layer 206 includes a processing unit 262 for executing software programs and services, a memory 264 for storing software and data, network ports 266 for transmitting and receiving data over a network, and an encryption processor 260 for performing functions related to Secure Sockets Layer processing of data transmitted and received over the network. In some embodiments, the central processing unit 262 may perform the functions of the encryption processor 260 in a single processor. Additionally, the hardware layer 206 may comprise multiple processors for each of the processing unit 262 and the encryption processor 260. The processor 262 may include any of the processors 101 described above in connection with FIGS. 1E and 1F. For example, in one embodiment, the appliance 200 comprises a first processor 262 and a second processor 262′. In other embodiments, the processor 262 or 262′ comprises a multi-core processor.

Although the hardware layer 206 of appliance 200 is generally illustrated with an encryption processor 260, processor 260 may be a processor for performing functions related to any encryption protocol, such as the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. In some embodiments, the processor 260 may be a general purpose processor (GPP), and in further embodiments, may have executable instructions for performing processing of any security related protocol.

Although the hardware layer 206 of appliance 200 is illustrated with certain elements in FIG. 2, the hardware portions or components of appliance 200 may comprise any type and form of elements, hardware or software, of a computing device, such as the computing device 100 illustrated and discussed herein in conjunction with FIGS. 1E and 1F. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 may comprise a server, gateway, router, switch, bridge or other type of computing or network device, and have any hardware and/or software elements associated therewith.

The operating system of appliance 200 allocates, manages, or otherwise segregates the available system memory into kernel space 204 and user space 204. In example software architecture 200, the operating system may be any type and/or form of UNIX operating system although the invention is not so limited. As such, the appliance 200 can be running any operating system such as any of the versions of the Microsoft® Windows operating systems, the different releases of the Unix and Linux operating systems, any version of the Mac OS® for Macintosh computers, any embedded operating system, any network operating system, any real-time operating system, any open source operating system, any proprietary operating system, any operating systems for mobile computing devices or network devices, or any other operating system capable of running on the appliance 200 and performing the operations described herein.

The kernel space 204 is reserved for running the kernel 230, including any device drivers, kernel extensions or other kernel related software. As known to those skilled in the art, the kernel 230 is the core of the operating system, and provides access, control, and management of resources and hardware-related elements of the application 104. In accordance with an embodiment of the appliance 200, the kernel space 204 also includes a number of network services or processes working in conjunction with a cache manager 232, sometimes also referred to as the integrated cache, the benefits of which are described in detail further herein. Additionally, the embodiment of the kernel 230 will depend on the embodiment of the operating system installed, configured, or otherwise used by the device 200.

In one embodiment, the device 200 comprises one network stack 267, such as a TCP/IP based stack, for communicating with the client 102 and/or the server 106. In one embodiment, the network stack 267 is used to communicate with a first network, such as network 108, and a second network 110. In some embodiments, the device 200 terminates a first transport layer connection, such as a TCP connection of a client 102, and establishes a second transport layer connection to a server 106 for use by the client 102, e.g., the second transport layer connection is terminated at the appliance 200 and the server 106. The first and second transport layer connections may be established via a single network stack 267. In other embodiments, the device 200 may comprise multiple network stacks, for example 267 and 267′, and the first transport layer connection may be established or terminated at one network stack 267, and the second transport layer connection on the second network stack 267′. For example, one network stack may be for receiving and transmitting network packet on a first network, and another network stack for receiving and transmitting network packets on a second network. In one embodiment, the network stack 267 comprises a buffer 243 for queuing one or more network packets for transmission by the appliance 200.

As shown in FIG. 2, the kernel space 204 includes the cache manager 232, a high-speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240, an encryption engine 234, a policy engine 236 and multi-protocol compression logic 238. Running these components or processes 232, 240, 234, 236 and 238 in kernel space 204 or kernel mode instead of the user space 202 improves the performance of each of these components, alone and in combination. Kernel operation means that these components or processes 232, 240, 234, 236 and 238 run in the core address space of the operating system of the device 200. For example, running the encryption engine 234 in kernel mode improves encryption performance by moving encryption and decryption operations to the kernel, thereby reducing the number of transitions between the memory space or a kernel thread in kernel mode and the memory space or a thread in user mode. For example, data obtained in kernel mode may not need to be passed or copied to a process or thread running in user mode, such as from a kernel level data structure to a user level data structure. In another aspect, the number of context switches between kernel mode and user mode are also reduced. Additionally, synchronization of and communications between any of the components or processes 232, 240, 235, 236 and 238 can be performed more efficiently in the kernel space 204.

In some embodiments, any portion of the components 232, 240, 234, 236 and 238 may run or operate in the kernel space 204, while other portions of these components 232, 240, 234, 236 and 238 may run or operate in user space 202. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 uses a kernel-level data structure providing access to any portion of one or more network packets, for example, a network packet comprising a request from a client 102 or a response from a server 106. In some embodiments, the kernel-level data structure may be obtained by the packet engine 240 via a transport layer driver interface or filter to the network stack 267. The kernel-level data structure may comprise any interface and/or data accessible via the kernel space 204 related to the network stack 267, network traffic or packets received or transmitted by the network stack 267. In other embodiments, the kernel-level data structure may be used by any of the components or processes 232, 240, 234, 236 and 238 to perform the desired operation of the component or process. In one embodiment, a component 232, 240, 234, 236 and 238 is running in kernel mode 204 when using the kernel-level data structure, while in another embodiment, the component 232, 240, 234, 236 and 238 is running in user mode when using the kernel-level data structure. In some embodiments, the kernel-level data structure may be copied or passed to a second kernel-level data structure, or any desired user-level data structure.

The cache manager 232 may comprise software, hardware or any combination of software and hardware to provide cache access, control and management of any type and form of content, such as objects or dynamically generated objects served by the originating servers 106. The data, objects or content processed and stored by the cache manager 232 may comprise data in any format, such as a markup language, or communicated via any protocol. In some embodiments, the cache manager 232 duplicates original data stored elsewhere or data previously computed, generated or transmitted, in which the original data may require longer access time to fetch, compute or otherwise obtain relative to reading a cache memory element. Once the data is stored in the cache memory element, future use can be made by accessing the cached copy rather than refetching or recomputing the original data, thereby reducing the access time. In some embodiments, the cache memory element may comprise a data object in memory 264 of device 200. In other embodiments, the cache memory element may comprise memory having a faster access time than memory 264. In another embodiment, the cache memory element may comprise any type and form of storage element of the device 200, such as a portion of a hard disk. In some embodiments, the processing unit 262 may provide cache memory for use by the cache manager 232. In yet further embodiments, the cache manager 232 may use any portion and combination of memory, storage, or the processing unit for caching data, objects, and other content.

Furthermore, the cache manager 232 includes any logic, functions, rules, or operations to perform any embodiments of the techniques of the appliance 200 described herein. For example, the cache manager 232 includes logic or functionality to invalidate objects based on the expiration of an invalidation time period or upon receipt of an invalidation command from a client 102 or server 106. In some embodiments, the cache manager 232 may operate as a program, service, process or task executing in the kernel space 204, and in other embodiments, in the user space 202. In one embodiment, a first portion of the cache manager 232 executes in the user space 202 while a second portion executes in the kernel space 204. In some embodiments, the cache manager 232 can comprise any type of general purpose processor (GPP), or any other type of integrated circuit, such as a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Programmable Logic Device (PLD), or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC).

The policy engine 236 may include, for example, an intelligent statistical engine or other programmable application(s). In one embodiment, the policy engine 236 provides a configuration mechanism to allow a user to identify, specify, define or configure a caching policy. Policy engine 236, in some embodiments, also has access to memory to support data structures such as lookup tables or hash tables to enable user-selected caching policy decisions. In other embodiments, the policy engine 236 may comprise any logic, rules, functions or operations to determine and provide access, control and management of objects, data or content being cached by the appliance 200 in addition to access, control and management of security, network traffic, network access, compression or any other function or operation performed by the appliance 200. Further examples of specific caching policies are further described herein.

The encryption engine 234 comprises any logic, business rules, functions or operations for handling the processing of any security related protocol, such as SSL or TLS, or any function related thereto. For example, the encryption engine 234 encrypts and decrypts network packets, or any portion thereof, communicated via the appliance 200. The encryption engine 234 may also setup or establish SSL or TLS connections on behalf of the client 102 a-102 n, server 106 a-106 n, or appliance 200. As such, the encryption engine 234 provides offloading and acceleration of SSL processing. In one embodiment, the encryption engine 234 uses a tunneling protocol to provide a virtual private network between a client 102 a-102 n and a server 106 a-106 n. In some embodiments, the encryption engine 234 is in communication with the Encryption processor 260. In other embodiments, the encryption engine 234 comprises executable instructions running on the Encryption processor 260.

The multi-protocol compression engine 238 comprises any logic, business rules, function or operations for compressing one or more protocols of a network packet, such as any of the protocols used by the network stack 267 of the device 200. In one embodiment, multi-protocol compression engine 238 compresses bi-directionally between clients 102 a-102 n and servers 106 a-106 n any TCP/IP based protocol, including Messaging Application Programming Interface (MAPI) (email), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol (file transfer), Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) protocol, Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), Mobile IP protocol, and Voice Over IP (VoIP) protocol. In other embodiments, multi-protocol compression engine 238 provides compression of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) based protocols and in some embodiments, provides compression of any markup languages, such as the Extensible Markup Language (XML). In one embodiment, the multi-protocol compression engine 238 provides compression of any high-performance protocol, such as any protocol designed for appliance 200 to appliance 200 communications. In another embodiment, the multi-protocol compression engine 238 compresses any payload of or any communication using a modified transport control protocol, such as Transaction TCP (T/TCP), TCP with selection acknowledgements (TCP-SACK), TCP with large windows (TCP-LW), a congestion prediction protocol such as the TCP-Vegas protocol, and a TCP spoofing protocol.

As such, the multi-protocol compression engine 238 accelerates performance for users accessing applications via desktop clients, e.g., Microsoft Outlook and non-Web thin clients, such as any client launched by popular enterprise applications like Oracle, SAP and Siebel, and even mobile clients, such as the Pocket PC. In some embodiments, the multi-protocol compression engine 238 by executing in the kernel mode 204 and integrating with packet processing engine 240 accessing the network stack 267 is able to compress any of the protocols carried by the TCP/IP protocol, such as any application layer protocol.

High speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240, also generally referred to as a packet processing engine or packet engine, is responsible for managing the kernel-level processing of packets received and transmitted by appliance 200 via network ports 266. The high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 may comprise a buffer for queuing one or more network packets during processing, such as for receipt of a network packet or transmission of a network packet. Additionally, the high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 is in communication with one or more network stacks 267 to send and receive network packets via network ports 266. The high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 works in conjunction with encryption engine 234, cache manager 232, policy engine 236 and multi-protocol compression logic 238. In particular, encryption engine 234 is configured to perform SSL processing of packets, policy engine 236 is configured to perform functions related to traffic management such as request-level content switching and request-level cache redirection, and multi-protocol compression logic 238 is configured to perform functions related to compression and decompression of data.

The high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 includes a packet processing timer 242. In one embodiment, the packet processing timer 242 provides one or more time intervals to trigger the processing of incoming, i.e., received, or outgoing, i.e., transmitted, network packets. In some embodiments, the high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 processes network packets responsive to the timer 242. The packet processing timer 242 provides any type and form of signal to the packet engine 240 to notify, trigger, or communicate a time related event, interval or occurrence. In many embodiments, the packet processing timer 242 operates in the order of milliseconds, such as for example 100 ms, 50 ms or 25 ms. For example, in some embodiments, the packet processing timer 242 provides time intervals or otherwise causes a network packet to be processed by the high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 at a 10 ms time interval, while in other embodiments, at a 5 ms time interval, and still yet in further embodiments, as short as a 3, 2, or 1 ms time interval. The high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 may be interfaced, integrated or in communication with the encryption engine 234, cache manager 232, policy engine 236 and multi-protocol compression engine 238 during operation. As such, any of the logic, functions, or operations of the encryption engine 234, cache manager 232, policy engine 236 and multi-protocol compression logic 238 may be performed responsive to the packet processing timer 242 and/or the packet engine 240. Therefore, any of the logic, functions, or operations of the encryption engine 234, cache manager 232, policy engine 236 and multi-protocol compression logic 238 may be performed at the granularity of time intervals provided via the packet processing timer 242, for example, at a time interval of less than or equal to 10 ms. For example, in one embodiment, the cache manager 232 may perform invalidation of any cached objects responsive to the high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 and/or the packet processing timer 242. In another embodiment, the expiry or invalidation time of a cached object can be set to the same order of granularity as the time interval of the packet processing timer 242, such as at every 10 ms.

In contrast to kernel space 204, user space 202 is the memory area or portion of the operating system used by user mode applications or programs otherwise running in user mode. A user mode application may not access kernel space 204 directly and uses service calls in order to access kernel services. As shown in FIG. 2, user space 202 of appliance 200 includes a graphical user interface (GUI) 210, a command line interface (CLI) 212, shell services 214, health monitoring program 216, and daemon services 218. GUI 210 and CLI 212 provide a means by which a system administrator or other user can interact with and control the operation of appliance 200, such as via the operating system of the appliance 200. The GUI 210 or CLI 212 can comprise code running in user space 202 or kernel space 204. The GUI 210 may be any type and form of graphical user interface and may be presented via text, graphical or otherwise, by any type of program or application, such as a browser. The CLI 212 may be any type and form of command line or text-based interface, such as a command line provided by the operating system. For example, the CLI 212 may comprise a shell, which is a tool to enable users to interact with the operating system. In some embodiments, the CLI 212 may be provided via a bash, csh, tcsh, or ksh type shell. The shell services 214 comprises the programs, services, tasks, processes or executable instructions to support interaction with the appliance 200 or operating system by a user via the GUI 210 and/or CLI 212.

Health monitoring program 216 is used to monitor, check, report and ensure that network systems are functioning properly and that users are receiving requested content over a network. Health monitoring program 216 comprises one or more programs, services, tasks, processes or executable instructions to provide logic, rules, functions or operations for monitoring any activity of the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the health monitoring program 216 intercepts and inspects any network traffic passed via the appliance 200. In other embodiments, the health monitoring program 216 interfaces by any suitable means and/or mechanisms with one or more of the following: the encryption engine 234, cache manager 232, policy engine 236, multi-protocol compression logic 238, packet engine 240, daemon services 218, and shell services 214. As such, the health monitoring program 216 may call any application programming interface (API) to determine a state, status, or health of any portion of the appliance 200. For example, the health monitoring program 216 may ping or send a status inquiry on a periodic basis to check if a program, process, service or task is active and currently running. In another example, the health monitoring program 216 may check any status, error or history logs provided by any program, process, service or task to determine any condition, status or error with any portion of the appliance 200.

Daemon services 218 are programs that run continuously or in the background and handle periodic service requests received by appliance 200. In some embodiments, a daemon service may forward the requests to other programs or processes, such as another daemon service 218 as appropriate. As known to those skilled in the art, a daemon service 218 may run unattended to perform continuous or periodic system wide functions, such as network control, or to perform any desired task. In some embodiments, one or more daemon services 218 run in the user space 202, while in other embodiments, one or more daemon services 218 run in the kernel space.

Referring now to FIG. 2B, another embodiment of the appliance 200 is depicted. In brief overview, the appliance 200 provides one or more of the following services, functionality or operations: SSL VPN connectivity 280, switching/load balancing 284, Domain Name Service resolution 286, acceleration 288 and an application firewall 290 for communications between one or more clients 102 and one or more servers 106. Each of the servers 106 may provide one or more network related services 270 a-270 n (referred to as services 270). For example, a server 106 may provide an http service 270. The appliance 200 comprises one or more virtual servers or virtual internet protocol servers, referred to as a vServer, VIP server, or just VIP 275 a-275 n (also referred herein as vServer 275). The vServer 275 receives, intercepts or otherwise processes communications between a client 102 and a server 106 in accordance with the configuration and operations of the appliance 200.

The vServer 275 may comprise software, hardware or any combination of software and hardware. The vServer 275 may comprise any type and form of program, service, task, process or executable instructions operating in user mode 202, kernel mode 204 or any combination thereof in the appliance 200. The vServer 275 includes any logic, functions, rules, or operations to perform any embodiments of the techniques described herein, such as SSL VPN 280, switching/load balancing 284, Domain Name Service resolution 286, acceleration 288 and an application firewall 290. In some embodiments, the vServer 275 establishes a connection to a service 270 of a server 106. The service 275 may comprise any program, application, process, task or set of executable instructions capable of connecting to and communicating to the appliance 200, client 102 or vServer 275. For example, the service 275 may comprise a web server, http server, ftp, email or database server. In some embodiments, the service 270 is a daemon process or network driver for listening, receiving and/or sending communications for an application, such as email, database or an enterprise application. In some embodiments, the service 270 may communicate on a specific IP address, or IP address and port.

In some embodiments, the vServer 275 applies one or more policies of the policy engine 236 to network communications between the client 102 and server 106. In one embodiment, the policies are associated with a vServer 275. In another embodiment, the policies are based on a user, or a group of users. In yet another embodiment, a policy is global and applies to one or more vServers 275 a-275 n, and any user or group of users communicating via the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the policies of the policy engine have conditions upon which the policy is applied based on any content of the communication, such as internet protocol address, port, protocol type, header or fields in a packet, or the context of the communication, such as user, group of the user, vServer 275, transport layer connection, and/or identification or attributes of the client 102 or server 106.

In other embodiments, the appliance 200 communicates or interfaces with the policy engine 236 to determine authentication and/or authorization of a remote user or a remote client 102 to access the computing environment 15, application, and/or data file from a server 106. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 communicates or interfaces with the policy engine 236 to determine authentication and/or authorization of a remote user or a remote client 102 to have the application delivery system 190 deliver one or more of the computing environment 15, application, and/or data file. In yet another embodiment, the appliance 200 establishes a VPN or SSL VPN connection based on the policy engine's 236 authentication and/or authorization of a remote user or a remote client 102 In one embodiment, the appliance 200 controls the flow of network traffic and communication sessions based on policies of the policy engine 236. For example, the appliance 200 may control the access to a computing environment 15, application or data file based on the policy engine 236.

In some embodiments, the vServer 275 establishes a transport layer connection, such as a TCP or UDP connection with a client 102 via the client agent 120. In one embodiment, the vServer 275 listens for and receives communications from the client 102. In other embodiments, the vServer 275 establishes a transport layer connection, such as a TCP or UDP connection with a client server 106. In one embodiment, the vServer 275 establishes the transport layer connection to an internet protocol address and port of a server 270 running on the server 106. In another embodiment, the vServer 275 associates a first transport layer connection to a client 102 with a second transport layer connection to the server 106. In some embodiments, a vServer 275 establishes a pool of transport layer connections to a server 106 and multiplexes client requests via the pooled transport layer connections.

In some embodiments, the appliance 200 provides a SSL VPN connection 280 between a client 102 and a server 106. For example, a client 102 on a first network 102 requests to establish a connection to a server 106 on a second network 104′. In some embodiments, the second network 104′ is not routable from the first network 104. In other embodiments, the client 102 is on a public network 104 and the server 106 is on a private network 104′, such as a corporate network. In one embodiment, the client agent 120 intercepts communications of the client 102 on the first network 104, encrypts the communications, and transmits the communications via a first transport layer connection to the appliance 200. The appliance 200 associates the first transport layer connection on the first network 104 to a second transport layer connection to the server 106 on the second network 104. The appliance 200 receives the intercepted communication from the client agent 102, decrypts the communications, and transmits the communication to the server 106 on the second network 104 via the second transport layer connection. The second transport layer connection may be a pooled transport layer connection. As such, the appliance 200 provides an end-to-end secure transport layer connection for the client 102 between the two networks 104, 104′.

In one embodiment, the appliance 200 hosts an intranet internet protocol or IntranetIP 282 address of the client 102 on the virtual private network 104. The client 102 has a local network identifier, such as an internet protocol (IP) address and/or host name on the first network 104. When connected to the second network 104′ via the appliance 200, the appliance 200 establishes, assigns or otherwise provides an IntranetIP address 282, which is a network identifier, such as IP address and/or host name, for the client 102 on the second network 104′. The appliance 200 listens for and receives on the second or private network 104′ for any communications directed towards the client 102 using the client's established IntranetIP 282. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 acts as or on behalf of the client 102 on the second private network 104. For example, in another embodiment, a vServer 275 listens for and responds to communications to the IntranetIP 282 of the client 102. In some embodiments, if a computing device 100 on the second network 104′ transmits a request, the appliance 200 processes the request as if it were the client 102. For example, the appliance 200 may respond to a ping to the client's IntranetIP 282. In another example, the appliance may establish a connection, such as a TCP or UDP connection, with computing device 100 on the second network 104 requesting a connection with the client's IntranetIP 282.

In some embodiments, the appliance 200 provides one or more of the following acceleration techniques 288 to communications between the client 102 and server 106: 1) compression; 2) decompression; 3) Transmission Control Protocol pooling; 4) Transmission Control Protocol multiplexing; 5) Transmission Control Protocol buffering; and 6) caching.

In one embodiment, the appliance 200 relieves servers 106 of much of the processing load caused by repeatedly opening and closing transport layers connections to clients 102 by opening one or more transport layer connections with each server 106 and maintaining these connections to allow repeated data accesses by clients via the Internet. This technique is referred to herein as “connection pooling”.

In some embodiments, in order to seamlessly splice communications from a client 102 to a server 106 via a pooled transport layer connection, the appliance 200 translates or multiplexes communications by modifying sequence number and acknowledgment numbers at the transport layer protocol level. This is referred to as “connection multiplexing”. In some embodiments, no application layer protocol interaction is required. For example, in the case of an in-bound packet (that is, a packet received from a client 102), the source network address of the packet is changed to that of an output port of appliance 200, and the destination network address is changed to that of the intended server. In the case of an outbound packet (that is, one received from a server 106), the source network address is changed from that of the server 106 to that of an output port of appliance 200 and the destination address is changed from that of appliance 200 to that of the requesting client 102. The sequence numbers and acknowledgment numbers of the packet are also translated to sequence numbers and acknowledgement numbers expected by the client 102 on the appliance's 200 transport layer connection to the client 102. In some embodiments, the packet checksum of the transport layer protocol is recalculated to account for these translations.

In another embodiment, the appliance 200 provides switching or load-balancing functionality 284 for communications between the client 102 and server 106. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 distributes traffic and directs client requests to a server 106 based on layer 4 or application-layer request data. In one embodiment, although the network layer or layer 2 of the network packet identifies a destination server 106, the appliance 200 determines the server 106 to distribute the network packet by application information and data carried as payload of the transport layer packet. In one embodiment, the health monitoring programs 216 of the appliance 200 monitor the health of servers to determine the server 106 for which to distribute a client's request. In some embodiments, if the appliance 200 detects a server 106 is not available or has a load over a predetermined threshold, the appliance 200 can direct or distribute client requests to another server 106.

In some embodiments, the appliance 200 acts as a Domain Name Service (DNS) resolver or otherwise provides resolution of a DNS request from clients 102. In some embodiments, the appliance intercepts a DNS request transmitted by the client 102. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 responds to a client's DNS request with an IP address of or hosted by the appliance 200. In this embodiment, the client 102 transmits network communication for the domain name to the appliance 200. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 responds to a client's DNS request with an IP address of or hosted by a second appliance 200′. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 responds to a client's DNS request with an IP address of a server 106 determined by the appliance 200.

In yet another embodiment, the appliance 200 provides application firewall functionality 290 for communications between the client 102 and server 106. In one embodiment, the policy engine 236 provides rules for detecting and blocking illegitimate requests. In some embodiments, the application firewall 290 protects against denial of service (DoS) attacks. In other embodiments, the appliance inspects the content of intercepted requests to identify and block application-based attacks. In some embodiments, the rules/policy engine 236 comprises one or more application firewall or security control policies for providing protections against various classes and types of web or Internet based vulnerabilities, such as one or more of the following: 1) buffer overflow, 2) CGI-BIN parameter manipulation, 3) form/hidden field manipulation, 4) forceful browsing, 5) cookie or session poisoning, 6) broken access control list (ACLs) or weak passwords, 7) cross-site scripting (XSS), 8) command injection, 9) SQL injection, 10) error triggering sensitive information leak, 11) insecure use of cryptography, 12) server misconfiguration, 13) back doors and debug options, 14) website defacement, 15) platform or operating systems vulnerabilities, and 16) zero-day exploits. In an embodiment, the application firewall 290 provides HTML form field protection in the form of inspecting or analyzing the network communication for one or more of the following: 1) required fields are returned, 2) no added field allowed, 3) read-only and hidden field enforcement, 4) drop-down list and radio button field conformance, and 5) form-field max-length enforcement. In some embodiments, the application firewall 290 ensures cookies are not modified. In other embodiments, the application firewall 290 protects against forceful browsing by enforcing legal URLs.

In still yet other embodiments, the application firewall 290 protects any confidential information contained in the network communication. The application firewall 290 may inspect or analyze any network communication in accordance with the rules or polices of the engine 236 to identify any confidential information in any field of the network packet. In some embodiments, the application firewall 290 identifies in the network communication one or more occurrences of a credit card number, password, social security number, name, patient code, contact information, and age. The encoded portion of the network communication may comprise these occurrences or the confidential information. Based on these occurrences, in one embodiment, the application firewall 290 may take a policy action on the network communication, such as prevent transmission of the network communication. In another embodiment, the application firewall 290 may rewrite, remove or otherwise mask such identified occurrence or confidential information.

Still referring to FIG. 2B, the appliance 200 may include a performance monitoring agent 197 as discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 1D. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 receives the monitoring agent 197 from the monitoring service 198 or monitoring server 106 as depicted in FIG. 1D. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 stores the monitoring agent 197 in storage, such as disk, for delivery to any client or server in communication with the appliance 200. For example, in one embodiment, the appliance 200 transmits the monitoring agent 197 to a client upon receiving a request to establish a transport layer connection. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 transmits the monitoring agent 197 upon establishing the transport layer connection with the client 102. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 transmits the monitoring agent 197 to the client upon intercepting or detecting a request for a web page. In yet another embodiment, the appliance 200 transmits the monitoring agent 197 to a client or a server in response to a request from the monitoring server 198. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 transmits the monitoring agent 197 to a second appliance 200′ or appliance 205.

In other embodiments, the appliance 200 executes the monitoring agent 197. In one embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors the performance of any application, program, process, service, task or thread executing on the appliance 200. For example, the monitoring agent 197 may monitor and measure performance and operation of vServers 275A-275N. In another embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors the performance of any transport layer connections of the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors the performance of any user sessions traversing the appliance 200. In one embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors the performance of any virtual private network connections and/or sessions traversing the appliance 200, such an SSL VPN session. In still further embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors the memory, CPU and disk usage and performance of the appliance 200. In yet another embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors the performance of any acceleration technique 288 performed by the appliance 200, such as SSL offloading, connection pooling and multiplexing, caching, and compression. In some embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors the performance of any load balancing and/or content switching 284 performed by the appliance 200. In other embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors the performance of application firewall 290 protection and processing performed by the appliance 200.

C. Client Agent

Referring now to FIG. 3, an embodiment of the client agent 120 is depicted. The client 102 includes a client agent 120 for establishing and exchanging communications with the appliance 200 and/or server 106 via a network 104. In brief overview, the client 102 operates on computing device 100 having an operating system with a kernel mode 302 and a user mode 303, and a network stack 310 with one or more layers 310 a-310 b. The client 102 may have installed and/or execute one or more applications. In some embodiments, one or more applications may communicate via the network stack 310 to a network 104. One of the applications, such as a web browser, may also include a first program 322. For example, the first program 322 may be used in some embodiments to install and/or execute the client agent 120, or any portion thereof. The client agent 120 includes an interception mechanism, or interceptor 350, for intercepting network communications from the network stack 310 from the one or more applications.

The network stack 310 of the client 102 may comprise any type and form of software, or hardware, or any combinations thereof, for providing connectivity to and communications with a network. In one embodiment, the network stack 310 comprises a software implementation for a network protocol suite. The network stack 310 may comprise one or more network layers, such as any networks layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model as those skilled in the art recognize and appreciate. As such, the network stack 310 may comprise any type and form of protocols for any of the following layers of the OSI model: 1) physical link layer, 2) data link layer, 3) network layer, 4) transport layer, 5) session layer, 6) presentation layer, and 7) application layer. In one embodiment, the network stack 310 may comprise a transport control protocol (TCP) over the network layer protocol of the internet protocol (IP), generally referred to as TCP/IP. In some embodiments, the TCP/IP protocol may be carried over the Ethernet protocol, which may comprise any of the family of IEEE wide-area-network (WAN) or local-area-network (LAN) protocols, such as those protocols covered by the IEEE 802.3. In some embodiments, the network stack 310 comprises any type and form of a wireless protocol, such as IEEE 802.11 and/or mobile internet protocol.

In view of a TCP/IP based network, any TCP/IP based protocol may be used, including Messaging Application Programming Interface (MAPI) (email), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol (file transfer), Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) protocol, Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), Mobile IP protocol, and Voice Over IP (VoIP) protocol. In another embodiment, the network stack 310 comprises any type and form of transport control protocol, such as a modified transport control protocol, for example a Transaction TCP (T/TCP), TCP with selection acknowledgements (TCP-SACK), TCP with large windows (TCP-LW), a congestion prediction protocol such as the TCP-Vegas protocol, and a TCP spoofing protocol. In other embodiments, any type and form of user datagram protocol (UDP), such as UDP over IP, may be used by the network stack 310, such as for voice communications or real-time data communications.

Furthermore, the network stack 310 may include one or more network drivers supporting the one or more layers, such as a TCP driver or a network layer driver. The network drivers may be included as part of the operating system of the computing device 100 or as part of any network interface cards or other network access components of the computing device 100. In some embodiments, any of the network drivers of the network stack 310 may be customized, modified or adapted to provide a custom or modified portion of the network stack 310 in support of any of the techniques described herein. In other embodiments, the acceleration program 302 is designed and constructed to operate with or work in conjunction with the network stack 310 installed or otherwise provided by the operating system of the client 102.

The network stack 310 comprises any type and form of interfaces for receiving, obtaining, providing or otherwise accessing any information and data related to network communications of the client 102. In one embodiment, an interface to the network stack 310 comprises an application programming interface (API). The interface may also comprise any function call, hooking or filtering mechanism, event or call back mechanism, or any type of interfacing technique. The network stack 310 via the interface may receive or provide any type and form of data structure, such as an object, related to functionality or operation of the network stack 310. For example, the data structure may comprise information and data related to a network packet or one or more network packets. In some embodiments, the data structure comprises a portion of the network packet processed at a protocol layer of the network stack 310, such as a network packet of the transport layer. In some embodiments, the data structure 325 comprises a kernel-level data structure, while in other embodiments, the data structure 325 comprises a user-mode data structure. A kernel-level data structure may comprise a data structure obtained or related to a portion of the network stack 310 operating in kernel-mode 302, or a network driver or other software running in kernel-mode 302, or any data structure obtained or received by a service, process, task, thread or other executable instructions running or operating in kernel-mode of the operating system.

Additionally, some portions of the network stack 310 may execute or operate in kernel-mode 302, for example, the data link or network layer, while other portions execute or operate in user-mode 303, such as an application layer of the network stack 310. For example, a first portion 310 a of the network stack may provide user-mode access to the network stack 310 to an application while a second portion 310 a of the network stack 310 provides access to a network. In some embodiments, a first portion 310 a of the network stack may comprise one or more upper layers of the network stack 310, such as any of layers 5-7. In other embodiments, a second portion 310 b of the network stack 310 comprises one or more lower layers, such as any of layers 1-4. Each of the first portion 310 a and second portion 310 b of the network stack 310 may comprise any portion of the network stack 310, at any one or more network layers, in user-mode 203, kernel-mode, 202, or combinations thereof, or at any portion of a network layer or interface point to a network layer or any portion of or interface point to the user-mode 203 and kernel-mode 203.

The interceptor 350 may comprise software, hardware, or any combination of software and hardware. In one embodiment, the interceptor 350 intercept a network communication at any point in the network stack 310, and redirects or transmits the network communication to a destination desired, managed or controlled by the interceptor 350 or client agent 120. For example, the interceptor 350 may intercept a network communication of a network stack 310 of a first network and transmit the network communication to the appliance 200 for transmission on a second network 104. In some embodiments, the interceptor 350 comprises any type interceptor 350 comprises a driver, such as a network driver constructed and designed to interface and work with the network stack 310. In some embodiments, the client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350 operates at one or more layers of the network stack 310, such as at the transport layer. In one embodiment, the interceptor 350 comprises a filter driver, hooking mechanism, or any form and type of suitable network driver interface that interfaces to the transport layer of the network stack, such as via the transport driver interface (TDI). In some embodiments, the interceptor 350 interfaces to a first protocol layer, such as the transport layer and another protocol layer, such as any layer above the transport protocol layer, for example, an application protocol layer. In one embodiment, the interceptor 350 may comprise a driver complying with the Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS), or a NDIS driver. In another embodiment, the interceptor 350 may comprise a mini-filter or a mini-port driver. In one embodiment, the interceptor 350, or portion thereof, operates in kernel-mode 202. In another embodiment, the interceptor 350, or portion thereof, operates in user-mode 203. In some embodiments, a portion of the interceptor 350 operates in kernel-mode 202 while another portion of the interceptor 350 operates in user-mode 203. In other embodiments, the client agent 120 operates in user-mode 203 but interfaces via the interceptor 350 to a kernel-mode driver, process, service, task or portion of the operating system, such as to obtain a kernel-level data structure 225. In further embodiments, the interceptor 350 is a user-mode application or program, such as application.

In one embodiment, the interceptor 350 intercepts any transport layer connection requests. In these embodiments, the interceptor 350 execute transport layer application programming interface (API) calls to set the destination information, such as destination IP address and/or port to a desired location for the location. In this manner, the interceptor 350 intercepts and redirects the transport layer connection to a IP address and port controlled or managed by the interceptor 350 or client agent 120. In one embodiment, the interceptor 350 sets the destination information for the connection to a local IP address and port of the client 102 on which the client agent 120 is listening. For example, the client agent 120 may comprise a proxy service listening on a local IP address and port for redirected transport layer communications. In some embodiments, the client agent 120 then communicates the redirected transport layer communication to the appliance 200.

In some embodiments, the interceptor 350 intercepts a Domain Name Service (DNS) request. In one embodiment, the client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350 resolves the DNS request. In another embodiment, the interceptor transmits the intercepted DNS request to the appliance 200 for DNS resolution. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 resolves the DNS request and communicates the DNS response to the client agent 120. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 resolves the DNS request via another appliance 200′ or a DNS server 106.

In yet another embodiment, the client agent 120 may comprise two agents 120 and 120′. In one embodiment, a first agent 120 may comprise an interceptor 350 operating at the network layer of the network stack 310. In some embodiments, the first agent 120 intercepts network layer requests such as Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) requests (e.g., ping and traceroute). In other embodiments, the second agent 120′ may operate at the transport layer and intercept transport layer communications. In some embodiments, the first agent 120 intercepts communications at one layer of the network stack 210 and interfaces with or communicates the intercepted communication to the second agent 120′.

The client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350 may operate at or interface with a protocol layer in a manner transparent to any other protocol layer of the network stack 310. For example, in one embodiment, the interceptor 350 operates or interfaces with the transport layer of the network stack 310 transparently to any protocol layer below the transport layer, such as the network layer, and any protocol layer above the transport layer, such as the session, presentation or application layer protocols. This allows the other protocol layers of the network stack 310 to operate as desired and without modification for using the interceptor 350. As such, the client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350 can interface with the transport layer to secure, optimize, accelerate, route or load-balance any communications provided via any protocol carried by the transport layer, such as any application layer protocol over TCP/IP.

Furthermore, the client agent 120 and/or interceptor may operate at or interface with the network stack 310 in a manner transparent to any application, a user of the client 102, and any other computing device, such as a server, in communications with the client 102. The client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350 may be installed and/or executed on the client 102 in a manner without modification of an application. In some embodiments, the user of the client 102 or a computing device in communications with the client 102 are not aware of the existence, execution or operation of the client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350. As such, in some embodiments, the client agent 120 and/or interceptor 350 is installed, executed, and/or operated transparently to an application, user of the client 102, another computing device, such as a server, or any of the protocol layers above and/or below the protocol layer interfaced to by the interceptor 350.

The client agent 120 includes an acceleration program 302, a streaming client 306, a collection agent 304, and/or monitoring agent 197. In one embodiment, the client agent 120 comprises an Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) client, or any portion thereof, developed by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla., and is also referred to as an ICA client. In some embodiments, the client 120 comprises an application streaming client 306 for streaming an application from a server 106 to a client 102. In some embodiments, the client agent 120 comprises an acceleration program 302 for accelerating communications between client 102 and server 106. In another embodiment, the client agent 120 includes a collection agent 304 for performing end-point detection/scanning and collecting end-point information for the appliance 200 and/or server 106.

In some embodiments, the acceleration program 302 comprises a client-side acceleration program for performing one or more acceleration techniques to accelerate, enhance or otherwise improve a client's communications with and/or access to a server 106, such as accessing an application provided by a server 106. The logic, functions, and/or operations of the executable instructions of the acceleration program 302 may perform one or more of the following acceleration techniques: 1) multi-protocol compression, 2) transport control protocol pooling, 3) transport control protocol multiplexing, 4) transport control protocol buffering, and 5) caching via a cache manager. Additionally, the acceleration program 302 may perform encryption and/or decryption of any communications received and/or transmitted by the client 102. In some embodiments, the acceleration program 302 performs one or more of the acceleration techniques in an integrated manner or fashion. Additionally, the acceleration program 302 can perform compression on any of the protocols, or multiple-protocols, carried as a payload of a network packet of the transport layer protocol.

The streaming client 306 comprises an application, program, process, service, task or executable instructions for receiving and executing a streamed application from a server 106. A server 106 may stream one or more application data files to the streaming client 306 for playing, executing or otherwise causing to be executed the application on the client 102. In some embodiments, the server 106 transmits a set of compressed or packaged application data files to the streaming client 306. In some embodiments, the plurality of application files are compressed and stored on a file server within an archive file such as a CAB, ZIP, SIT, TAR, JAR or other archive. In one embodiment, the server 106 decompresses, unpackages or unarchives the application files and transmits the files to the client 102. In another embodiment, the client 102 decompresses, unpackages or unarchives the application files. The streaming client 306 dynamically installs the application, or portion thereof, and executes the application. In one embodiment, the streaming client 306 may be an executable program. In some embodiments, the streaming client 306 may be able to launch another executable program.

The collection agent 304 comprises an application, program, process, service, task or executable instructions for identifying, obtaining and/or collecting information about the client 102. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 transmits the collection agent 304 to the client 102 or client agent 120. The collection agent 304 may be configured according to one or more policies of the policy engine 236 of the appliance. In other embodiments, the collection agent 304 transmits collected information on the client 102 to the appliance 200. In one embodiment, the policy engine 236 of the appliance 200 uses the collected information to determine and provide access, authentication and authorization control of the client's connection to a network 104.

In one embodiment, the collection agent 304 comprises an end-point detection and scanning mechanism, which identifies and determines one or more attributes or characteristics of the client. For example, the collection agent 304 may identify and determine any one or more of the following client-side attributes: 1) the operating system and/or a version of an operating system, 2) a service pack of the operating system, 3) a running service, 4) a running process, and 5) a file. The collection agent 304 may also identify and determine the presence or versions of any one or more of the following on the client: 1) antivirus software, 2) personal firewall software, 3) anti-spam software, and 4) internet security software. The policy engine 236 may have one or more policies based on any one or more of the attributes or characteristics of the client or client-side attributes.

In some embodiments, the client agent 120 includes a monitoring agent 197 as discussed in conjunction with FIGS. 1D and 2B. The monitoring agent 197 may be any type and form of script, such as Visual Basic or Java script. In one embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of any portion of the client agent 120. For example, in some embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of the acceleration program 302. In another embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of the streaming client 306. In other embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of the collection agent 304. In still another embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of the interceptor 350. In some embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures any resource of the client 102, such as memory, CPU and disk.

The monitoring agent 197 may monitor and measure performance of any application of the client. In one embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of a browser on the client 102. In some embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 monitors and measures performance of any application delivered via the client agent 120. In other embodiments, the monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors end user response times for an application, such as web-based or HTTP response times. The monitoring agent 197 may monitor and measure performance of an ICA or RDP client. In another embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors metrics for a user session or application session. In some embodiments, monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors an ICA or RDP session. In one embodiment, the monitoring agent 197 measures and monitors the performance of the appliance 200 in accelerating delivery of an application and/or data to the client 102.

In some embodiments and still referring to FIG. 3, a first program 322 may be used to install and/or execute the client agent 120, or portion thereof, such as the interceptor 350, automatically, silently, transparently, or otherwise. In one embodiment, the first program 322 comprises a plugin component, such an ActiveX control or Java control or script that is loaded into and executed by an application. For example, the first program comprises an ActiveX control loaded and run by a web browser application, such as in the memory space or context of the application. In another embodiment, the first program 322 comprises a set of executable instructions loaded into and run by the application, such as a browser. In one embodiment, the first program 322 comprises a designed and constructed program to install the client agent 120. In some embodiments, the first program 322 obtains, downloads, or receives the client agent 120 via the network from another computing device. In another embodiment, the first program 322 is an installer program or a plug and play manager for installing programs, such as network drivers, on the operating system of the client 102.

D. Systems and Methods for Providing Virtualized Application Delivery Controller

Referring now to FIG. 4A, a block diagram depicts one embodiment of a virtualization environment 400. In brief overview, a computing device 100 includes a hypervisor layer, a virtualization layer, and a hardware layer. The hypervisor layer includes a hypervisor 401 (also referred to as a virtualization manager) that allocates and manages access to a number of physical resources in the hardware layer (e.g., the processor(s) 421, and disk(s) 428) by at least one virtual machine executing in the virtualization layer. The virtualization layer includes at least one operating system 410 and a plurality of virtual resources allocated to the at least one operating system 410. Virtual resources may include, without limitation, a plurality of virtual processors 432 a, 432 b, 432 c (generally 432), and virtual disks 442 a, 442 b, 442 c (generally 442), as well as virtual resources such as virtual memory and virtual network interfaces. The plurality of virtual resources and the operating system 410 may be referred to as a virtual machine 406. A virtual machine 406 may include a control operating system 405 in communication with the hypervisor 401 and used to execute applications for managing and configuring other virtual machines on the computing device 100.

In greater detail, a hypervisor 401 may provide virtual resources to an operating system in any manner which simulates the operating system having access to a physical device. A hypervisor 401 may provide virtual resources to any number of guest operating systems 410 a, 410 b (generally 410). In some embodiments, a computing device 100 executes one or more types of hypervisors. In these embodiments, hypervisors may be used to emulate virtual hardware, partition physical hardware, virtualize physical hardware, and execute virtual machines that provide access to computing environments. Hypervisors may include those manufactured by VMWare, Inc., of Palo Alto, Calif.; the XEN hypervisor, an open source product whose development is overseen by the open source Xen.org community; HyperV, VirtualServer or virtual PC hypervisors provided by Microsoft, or others. In some embodiments, a computing device 100 executing a hypervisor that creates a virtual machine platform on which guest operating systems may execute is referred to as a host server. In one of these embodiments, for example, the computing device 100 is a XEN SERVER provided by Citrix Systems, Inc., of Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

In some embodiments, a hypervisor 401 executes within an operating system executing on a computing device. In one of these embodiments, a computing device executing an operating system and a hypervisor 401 may be said to have a host operating system (the operating system executing on the computing device), and a guest operating system (an operating system executing within a computing resource partition provided by the hypervisor 401). In other embodiments, a hypervisor 401 interacts directly with hardware on a computing device, instead of executing on a host operating system. In one of these embodiments, the hypervisor 401 may be said to be executing on “bare metal,” referring to the hardware comprising the computing device.

In some embodiments, a hypervisor 401 may create a virtual machine 406 a-c (generally 406) in which an operating system 410 executes. In one of these embodiments, for example, the hypervisor 401 loads a virtual machine image to create a virtual machine 406. In another of these embodiments, the hypervisor 401 executes an operating system 410 within the virtual machine 406. In still another of these embodiments, the virtual machine 406 executes an operating system 410.

In some embodiments, the hypervisor 401 controls processor scheduling and memory partitioning for a virtual machine 406 executing on the computing device 100. In one of these embodiments, the hypervisor 401 controls the execution of at least one virtual machine 406. In another of these embodiments, the hypervisor 401 presents at least one virtual machine 406 with an abstraction of at least one hardware resource provided by the computing device 100. In other embodiments, the hypervisor 401 controls whether and how physical processor capabilities are presented to the virtual machine 406.

A control operating system 405 may execute at least one application for managing and configuring the guest operating systems. In one embodiment, the control operating system 405 may execute an administrative application, such as an application including a user interface providing administrators with access to functionality for managing the execution of a virtual machine, including functionality for executing a virtual machine, terminating an execution of a virtual machine, or identifying a type of physical resource for allocation to the virtual machine. In another embodiment, the hypervisor 401 executes the control operating system 405 within a virtual machine 406 created by the hypervisor 401. In still another embodiment, the control operating system 405 executes in a virtual machine 406 that is authorized to directly access physical resources on the computing device 100. In some embodiments, a control operating system 405 a on a computing device 100 a may exchange data with a control operating system 405 b on a computing device 100 b, via communications between a hypervisor 401 a and a hypervisor 401 b. In this way, one or more computing devices 100 may exchange data with one or more of the other computing devices 100 regarding processors and other physical resources available in a pool of resources. In one of these embodiments, this functionality allows a hypervisor to manage a pool of resources distributed across a plurality of physical computing devices. In another of these embodiments, multiple hypervisors manage one or more of the guest operating systems executed on one of the computing devices 100.

In one embodiment, the control operating system 405 executes in a virtual machine 406 that is authorized to interact with at least one guest operating system 410. In another embodiment, a guest operating system 410 communicates with the control operating system 405 via the hypervisor 401 in order to request access to a disk or a network. In still another embodiment, the guest operating system 410 and the control operating system 405 may communicate via a communication channel established by the hypervisor 401, such as, for example, via a plurality of shared memory pages made available by the hypervisor 401.

In some embodiments, the control operating system 405 includes a network back-end driver for communicating directly with networking hardware provided by the computing device 100. In one of these embodiments, the network back-end driver processes at least one virtual machine request from at least one guest operating system 110. In other embodiments, the control operating system 405 includes a block back-end driver for communicating with a storage element on the computing device 100. In one of these embodiments, the block back-end driver reads and writes data from the storage element based upon at least one request received from a guest operating system 410.

In one embodiment, the control operating system 405 includes a tools stack 404. In another embodiment, a tools stack 404 provides functionality for interacting with the hypervisor 401, communicating with other control operating systems 405 (for example, on a second computing device 100 b), or managing virtual machines 406 b, 406 c on the computing device 100. In another embodiment, the tools stack 404 includes customized applications for providing improved management functionality to an administrator of a virtual machine farm. In some embodiments, at least one of the tools stack 404 and the control operating system 405 include a management API that provides an interface for remotely configuring and controlling virtual machines 406 running on a computing device 100. In other embodiments, the control operating system 405 communicates with the hypervisor 401 through the tools stack 404.

In one embodiment, the hypervisor 401 executes a guest operating system 410 within a virtual machine 406 created by the hypervisor 401. In another embodiment, the guest operating system 410 provides a user of the computing device 100 with access to resources within a computing environment. In still another embodiment, a resource includes a program, an application, a document, a file, a plurality of applications, a plurality of files, an executable program file, a desktop environment, a computing environment, or other resource made available to a user of the computing device 100. In yet another embodiment, the resource may be delivered to the computing device 100 via a plurality of access methods including, but not limited to, conventional installation directly on the computing device 100, delivery to the computing device 100 via a method for application streaming, delivery to the computing device 100 of output data generated by an execution of the resource on a second computing device 100′ and communicated to the computing device 100 via a presentation layer protocol, delivery to the computing device 100 of output data generated by an execution of the resource via a virtual machine executing on a second computing device 100′, or execution from a removable storage device connected to the computing device 100, such as a USB device, or via a virtual machine executing on the computing device 100 and generating output data. In some embodiments, the computing device 100 transmits output data generated by the execution of the resource to another computing device 100′.

In one embodiment, the guest operating system 410, in conjunction with the virtual machine on which it executes, forms a fully-virtualized virtual machine which is not aware that it is a virtual machine; such a machine may be referred to as a “Domain U HVM (Hardware Virtual Machine) virtual machine”. In another embodiment, a fully-virtualized machine includes software emulating a Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) in order to execute an operating system within the fully-virtualized machine. In still another embodiment, a fully-virtualized machine may include a driver that provides functionality by communicating with the hypervisor 401. In such an embodiment, the driver may be aware that it executes within a virtualized environment. In another embodiment, the guest operating system 410, in conjunction with the virtual machine on which it executes, forms a paravirtualized virtual machine, which is aware that it is a virtual machine; such a machine may be referred to as a “Domain U PV virtual machine”. In another embodiment, a paravirtualized machine includes additional drivers that a fully-virtualized machine does not include. In still another embodiment, the paravirtualized machine includes the network back-end driver and the block back-end driver included in a control operating system 405, as described above.

Referring now to FIG. 4B, a block diagram depicts one embodiment of a plurality of networked computing devices in a system in which at least one physical host executes a virtual machine. In brief overview, the system includes a management component 404 and a hypervisor 401. The system includes a plurality of computing devices 100, a plurality of virtual machines 406, a plurality of hypervisors 401, a plurality of management components referred to variously as tools stacks 404 or management components 404, and a physical resource 421, 428. The plurality of physical machines 100 may each be provided as computing devices 100, described above in connection with FIGS. 1E-1H and 4A.

In greater detail, a physical disk 428 is provided by a computing device 100 and stores at least a portion of a virtual disk 442. In some embodiments, a virtual disk 442 is associated with a plurality of physical disks 428. In one of these embodiments, one or more computing devices 100 may exchange data with one or more of the other computing devices 100 regarding processors and other physical resources available in a pool of resources, allowing a hypervisor to manage a pool of resources distributed across a plurality of physical computing devices. In some embodiments, a computing device 100 on which a virtual machine 406 executes is referred to as a physical host 100 or as a host machine 100.

The hypervisor executes on a processor on the computing device 100. The hypervisor allocates, to a virtual disk, an amount of access to the physical disk. In one embodiment, the hypervisor 401 allocates an amount of space on the physical disk. In another embodiment, the hypervisor 401 allocates a plurality of pages on the physical disk. In some embodiments, the hypervisor provisions the virtual disk 442 as part of a process of initializing and executing a virtual machine 450.

In one embodiment, the management component 404 a is referred to as a pool management component 404 a. In another embodiment, a management operating system 405 a, which may be referred to as a control operating system 405 a, includes the management component. In some embodiments, the management component is referred to as a tools stack. In one of these embodiments, the management component is the tools stack 404 described above in connection with FIG. 4A. In other embodiments, the management component 404 provides a user interface for receiving, from a user such as an administrator, an identification of a virtual machine 406 to provision and/or execute. In still other embodiments, the management component 404 provides a user interface for receiving, from a user such as an administrator, the request for migration of a virtual machine 406 b from one physical machine 100 to another. In further embodiments, the management component 404 a identifies a computing device 100 b on which to execute a requested virtual machine 406 d and instructs the hypervisor 401 b on the identified computing device 100 b to execute the identified virtual machine; such a management component may be referred to as a pool management component.

Referring now to FIG. 4C, embodiments of a virtual application delivery controller or virtual appliance 450 are depicted. In brief overview, any of the functionality and/or embodiments of the appliance 200 (e.g., an application delivery controller) described above in connection with FIGS. 2A and 2B may be deployed in any embodiment of the virtualized environment described above in connection with FIGS. 4A and 4B. Instead of the functionality of the application delivery controller being deployed in the form of an appliance 200, such functionality may be deployed in a virtualized environment 400 on any computing device 100, such as a client 102, server 106 or appliance 200.

Referring now to FIG. 4C, a diagram of an embodiment of a virtual appliance 450 operating on a hypervisor 401 of a server 106 is depicted. As with the appliance 200 of FIGS. 2A and 2B, the virtual appliance 450 may provide functionality for availability, performance, offload and security. For availability, the virtual appliance may perform load balancing between layers 4 and 7 of the network and may also perform intelligent service health monitoring. For performance increases via network traffic acceleration, the virtual appliance may perform caching and compression. To offload processing of any servers, the virtual appliance may perform connection multiplexing and pooling and/or SSL processing. For security, the virtual appliance may perform any of the application firewall functionality and SSL VPN function of appliance 200.

Any of the modules of the appliance 200 as described in connection with FIG. 2A may be packaged, combined, designed or constructed in a form of the virtualized appliance delivery controller 450 deployable as one or more software modules or components executable in a virtualized environment 300 or non-virtualized environment on any server, such as an off the shelf server. For example, the virtual appliance may be provided in the form of an installation package to install on a computing device. With reference to FIG. 2A, any of the cache manager 232, policy engine 236, compression 238, encryption engine 234, packet engine 240, GUI 210, CLI 212, shell services 214 and health monitoring programs 216 may be designed and constructed as a software component or module to run on any operating system of a computing device and/or of a virtualized environment 300. Instead of using the encryption processor 260, processor 262, memory 264 and network stack 267 of the appliance 200, the virtualized appliance 400 may use any of these resources as provided by the virtualized environment 400 or as otherwise available on the server 106.

Still referring to FIG. 4C, and in brief overview, any one or more vServers 275A-275N may be in operation or executed in a virtualized environment 400 of any type of computing device 100, such as any server 106. Any of the modules or functionality of the appliance 200 described in connection with FIG. 2B may be designed and constructed to operate in either a virtualized or non-virtualized environment of a server. Any of the vServer 275, SSL VPN 280, Intranet UP 282, Switching 284, DNS 286, acceleration 288, App FW 290 and monitoring agent may be packaged, combined, designed or constructed in a form of application delivery controller 450 deployable as one or more software modules or components executable on a device and/or virtualized environment 400.

In some embodiments, a server may execute multiple virtual machines 406 a-406 n in the virtualization environment with each virtual machine running the same or different embodiments of the virtual application delivery controller 450. In some embodiments, the server may execute one or more virtual appliances 450 on one or more virtual machines on a core of a multi-core processing system. In some embodiments, the server may execute one or more virtual appliances 450 on one or more virtual machines on each processor of a multiple processor device.

E. Systems and Methods for Providing a Multi-Core Architecture

In accordance with Moore's Law, the number of transistors that may be placed on an integrated circuit may double approximately every two years. However, CPU speed increases may reach plateaus, for example CPU speed has been around 3.5-4 GHz range since 2005. In some cases, CPU manufacturers may not rely on CPU speed increases to gain additional performance. Some CPU manufacturers may add additional cores to their processors to provide additional performance. Products, such as those of software and networking vendors, that rely on CPUs for performance gains may improve their performance by leveraging these multi-core CPUs. The software designed and constructed for a single CPU may be redesigned and/or rewritten to take advantage of a multi-threaded, parallel architecture or otherwise a multi-core architecture.

A multi-core architecture of the appliance 200, referred to as nCore or multi-core technology, allows the appliance in some embodiments to break the single core performance barrier and to leverage the power of multi-core CPUs. In the previous architecture described in connection with FIG. 2A, a single network or packet engine is run. The multiple cores of the nCore technology and architecture allow multiple packet engines to run concurrently and/or in parallel. With a packet engine running on each core, the appliance architecture leverages the processing capacity of additional cores. In some embodiments, this provides up to a 7× increase in performance and scalability.

Illustrated in FIG. 5A are some embodiments of work, task, load or network traffic distribution across one or more processor cores according to a type of parallelism or parallel computing scheme, such as functional parallelism, data parallelism or flow-based data parallelism. In brief overview, FIG. 5A illustrates embodiments of a multi-core system such as an appliance 200′ with n-cores, a total of cores numbers 1 through N. In one embodiment, work, load or network traffic can be distributed among a first core 505A, a second core 505B, a third core 505C, a fourth core 505D, a fifth core 505E, a sixth core 505F, a seventh core 505G, and so on such that distribution is across all or two or more of the n cores 505N (hereinafter referred to collectively as cores 505.) There may be multiple VIPs 275 each running on a respective core of the plurality of cores. There may be multiple packet engines 240 each running on a respective core of the plurality of cores. Any of the approaches used may lead to different, varying or similar work load or performance level 515 across any of the cores. For a functional parallelism approach, each core may run a different function of the functionalities provided by the packet engine, a VIP 275 or appliance 200. In a data parallelism approach, data may be paralleled or distributed across the cores based on the Network Interface Card (NIC) or VIP 275 receiving the data. In another data parallelism approach, processing may be distributed across the cores by distributing data flows to each core.

In further detail to FIG. 5A, in some embodiments, load, work or network traffic can be distributed among cores 505 according to functional parallelism 500. Functional parallelism may be based on each core performing one or more respective functions. In some embodiments, a first core may perform a first function while a second core performs a second function. In functional parallelism approach, the functions to be performed by the multi-core system are divided and distributed to each core according to functionality. In some embodiments, functional parallelism may be referred to as task parallelism and may be achieved when each processor or core executes a different process or function on the same or different data. The core or processor may execute the same or different code. In some cases, different execution threads or code may communicate with one another as they work. Communication may take place to pass data from one thread to the next as part of a workflow.

In some embodiments, distributing work across the cores 505 according to functional parallelism 500, can comprise distributing network traffic according to a particular function such as network input/output management (NW I/O) 510A, secure sockets layer (SSL) encryption and decryption 510B and transmission control protocol (TCP) functions 510C. This may lead to a work, performance or computing load 515 based on a volume or level of functionality being used. In some embodiments, distributing work across the cores 505 according to data parallelism 540, can comprise distributing an amount of work 515 based on distributing data associated with a particular hardware or software component. In some embodiments, distributing work across the cores 505 according to flow-based data parallelism 520, can comprise distributing data based on a context or flow such that the amount of work 515A-N on each core may be similar, substantially equal or relatively evenly distributed.

In the case of the functional parallelism approach, each core may be configured to run one or more functionalities of the plurality of functionalities provided by the packet engine or VIP of the appliance. For example, core 1 may perform network I/O processing for the appliance 200′ while core 2 performs TCP connection management for the appliance. Likewise, core 3 may perform SSL offloading while core 4 may perform layer 7 or application layer processing and traffic management. Each of the cores may perform the same function or different functions. Each of the cores may perform more than one function. Any of the cores may run any of the functionality or portions thereof identified and/or described in conjunction with FIGS. 2A and 2B. In this the approach, the work across the cores may be divided by function in either a coarse-grained or fine-grained manner. In some cases, as illustrated in FIG. 5A, division by function may lead to different cores running at different levels of performance or load 515.

In the case of the functional parallelism approach, each core may be configured to run one or more functionalities of the plurality of functionalities provided by the packet engine of the appliance. For example, core 1 may perform network I/O processing for the appliance 200′ while core 2 performs TCP connection management for the appliance. Likewise, core 3 may perform SSL offloading while core 4 may perform layer 7 or application layer processing and traffic management. Each of the cores may perform the same function or different functions. Each of the cores may perform more than one function. Any of the cores may run any of the functionality or portions thereof identified and/or described in conjunction with FIGS. 2A and 2B. In this the approach, the work across the cores may be divided by function in either a coarse-grained or fine-grained manner. In some cases, as illustrated in FIG. 5A division by function may lead to different cores running at different levels of load or performance.

The functionality or tasks may be distributed in any arrangement and scheme. For example, FIG. 5B illustrates a first core, Core 1 505A, processing applications and processes associated with network I/O functionality 510A. Network traffic associated with network I/O, in some embodiments, can be associated with a particular port number. Thus, outgoing and incoming packets having a port destination associated with NW I/O 510A will be directed towards Core 1 505A which is dedicated to handling all network traffic associated with the NW I/O port. Similarly, Core 2 505B is dedicated to handling functionality associated with SSL processing and Core 4 505D may be dedicated handling all TCP level processing and functionality.

While FIG. 5A illustrates functions such as network I/O, SSL and TCP, other functions can be assigned to cores. These other functions can include any one or more of the functions or operations described herein. For example, any of the functions described in conjunction with FIGS. 2A and 2B may be distributed across the cores on a functionality basis. In some cases, a first VIP 275A may run on a first core while a second VIP 275B with a different configuration may run on a second core. In some embodiments, each core 505 can handle a particular functionality such that each core 505 can handle the processing associated with that particular function. For example, Core 2 505B may handle SSL offloading while Core 4 505D may handle application layer processing and traffic management.

In other embodiments, work, load or network traffic may be distributed among cores 505 according to any type and form of data parallelism 540. In some embodiments, data parallelism may be achieved in a multi-core system by each core performing the same task or functionally on different pieces of distributed data. In some embodiments, a single execution thread or code controls operations on all pieces of data. In other embodiments, different threads or instructions control the operation, but may execute the same code. In some embodiments, data parallelism is achieved from the perspective of a packet engine, vServers (VIPs) 275A-C, network interface cards (NIC) 542D-E and/or any other networking hardware or software included on or associated with an appliance 200. For example, each core may run the same packet engine or VIP code or configuration but operate on different sets of distributed data. Each networking hardware or software construct can receive different, varying or substantially the same amount of data, and as a result may have varying, different or relatively the same amount of load 515.

In the case of a data parallelism approach, the work may be divided up and distributed based on VIPs, NICs and/or data flows of the VIPs or NICs. In one of these approaches, the work of the multi-core system may be divided or distributed among the VIPs by having each VIP work on a distributed set of data. For example, each core may be configured to run one or more VIPs. Network traffic may be distributed to the core for each VIP handling that traffic. In another of these approaches, the work of the appliance may be divided or distributed among the cores based on which NIC receives the network traffic. For example, network traffic of a first NIC may be distributed to a first core while network traffic of a second NIC may be distributed to a second core. In some cases, a core may process data from multiple NICs.

While FIG. 5A illustrates a single vServer associated with a single core 505, as is the case for VIP1 275A, VIP2 275B and VIP3 275C. In some embodiments, a single vServer can be associated with one or more cores 505. In contrast, one or more vServers can be associated with a single core 505. Associating a vServer with a core 505 may include that core 505 to process all functions associated with that particular vServer. In some embodiments, each core executes a VIP having the same code and configuration. In other embodiments, each core executes a VIP having the same code but different configuration. In some embodiments, each core executes a VIP having different code and the same or different configuration.

Like vServers, NICs can also be associated with particular cores 505. In many embodiments, NICs can be connected to one or more cores 505 such that when a NIC receives or transmits data packets, a particular core 505 handles the processing involved with receiving and transmitting the data packets. In one embodiment, a single NIC can be associated with a single core 505, as is the case with NIC1 542D and NIC2 542E. In other embodiments, one or more NICs can be associated with a single core 505. In other embodiments, a single NIC can be associated with one or more cores 505. In these embodiments, load could be distributed amongst the one or more cores 505 such that each core 505 processes a substantially similar amount of load. A core 505 associated with a NIC may process all functions and/or data associated with that particular NIC.

While distributing work across cores based on data of VIPs or NICs may have a level of independency, in some embodiments, this may lead to unbalanced use of cores as illustrated by the varying loads 515 of FIG. 5A.

In some embodiments, load, work or network traffic can be distributed among cores 505 based on any type and form of data flow. In another of these approaches, the work may be divided or distributed among cores based on data flows. For example, network traffic between a client and a server traversing the appliance may be distributed to and processed by one core of the plurality of cores. In some cases, the core initially establishing the session or connection may be the core for which network traffic for that session or connection is distributed. In some embodiments, the data flow is based on any unit or portion of network traffic, such as a transaction, a request/response communication or traffic originating from an application on a client. In this manner and in some embodiments, data flows between clients and servers traversing the appliance 200′ may be distributed in a more balanced manner than the other approaches.

In flow-based data parallelism 520, distribution of data is related to any type of flow of data, such as request/response pairings, transactions, sessions, connections or application communications. For example, network traffic between a client and a server traversing the appliance may be distributed to and processed by one core of the plurality of cores. In some cases, the core initially establishing the session or connection may be the core for which network traffic for that session or connection is distributed. The distribution of data flow may be such that each core 505 carries a substantially equal or relatively evenly distributed amount of load, data or network traffic.

In some embodiments, the data flow is based on any unit or portion of network traffic, such as a transaction, a request/response communication or traffic originating from an application on a client. In this manner and in some embodiments, data flows between clients and servers traversing the appliance 200′ may be distributed in a more balanced manner than the other approached. In one embodiment, data flow can be distributed based on a transaction or a series of transactions. This transaction, in some embodiments, can be between a client and a server and can be characterized by an IP address or other packet identifier. For example, Core 1 505A can be dedicated to transactions between a particular client and a particular server, therefore the load 515A on Core 1 505A may be comprised of the network traffic associated with the transactions between the particular client and server. Allocating the network traffic to Core 1 505A can be accomplished by routing all data packets originating from either the particular client or server to Core 1 505A.

While work or load can be distributed to the cores based in part on transactions, in other embodiments load or work can be allocated on a per packet basis. In these embodiments, the appliance 200 can intercept data packets and allocate them to a core 505 having the least amount of load. For example, the appliance 200 could allocate a first incoming data packet to Core 1 505A because the load 515A on Core 1 is less than the load 515B-N on the rest of the cores 505B-N. Once the first data packet is allocated to Core 1 505A, the amount of load 515A on Core 1 505A is increased proportional to the amount of processing resources needed to process the first data packet. When the appliance 200 intercepts a second data packet, the appliance 200 will allocate the load to Core 4 505D because Core 4 505D has the second least amount of load. Allocating data packets to the core with the least amount of load can, in some embodiments, ensure that the load 515A-N distributed to each core 505 remains substantially equal.

In other embodiments, load can be allocated on a per unit basis where a section of network traffic is allocated to a particular core 505. The above-mentioned example illustrates load balancing on a per/packet basis. In other embodiments, load can be allocated based on a number of packets such that every 10, 100 or 1000 packets are allocated to the core 505 having the least amount of load. The number of packets allocated to a core 505 can be a number determined by an application, user or administrator and can be any number greater than zero. In still other embodiments, load can be allocated based on a time metric such that packets are distributed to a particular core 505 for a predetermined amount of time. In these embodiments, packets can be distributed to a particular core 505 for five milliseconds or for any period of time determined by a user, program, system, administrator or otherwise. After the predetermined time period elapses, data packets are transmitted to a different core 505 for the predetermined period of time.

Flow-based data parallelism methods for distributing work, load or network traffic among the one or more cores 505 can comprise any combination of the above-mentioned embodiments. These methods can be carried out by any part of the appliance 200, by an application or set of executable instructions executing on one of the cores 505, such as the packet engine, or by any application, program or agent executing on a computing device in communication with the appliance 200.

The functional and data parallelism computing schemes illustrated in FIG. 5A can be combined in any manner to generate a hybrid parallelism or distributed processing scheme that encompasses function parallelism 500, data parallelism 540, flow-based data parallelism 520 or any portions thereof. In some cases, the multi-core system may use any type and form of load balancing schemes to distribute load among the one or more cores 505. The load balancing scheme may be used in any combination with any of the functional and data parallelism schemes or combinations thereof.

Illustrated in FIG. 5B is an embodiment of a multi-core system 545, which may be any type and form of one or more systems, appliances, devices or components. This system 545, in some embodiments, can be included within an appliance 200 having one or more processing cores 505A-N. The system 545 can further include one or more packet engines (PE) or packet processing engines (PPE) 548A-N communicating with a memory bus 556. The memory bus may be used to communicate with the one or more processing cores 505A-N. Also included within the system 545 can be one or more network interface cards (NIC) 552 and a flow distributor 550 which can further communicate with the one or more processing cores 505A-N. The flow distributor 550 can comprise a Receive Side Scaler (RSS) or Receive Side Scaling (RSS) module 560.

Further referring to FIG. 5B, and in more detail, in one embodiment the packet engine(s) 548A-N can comprise any portion of the appliance 200 described herein, such as any portion of the appliance described in FIGS. 2A and 2B. The packet engine(s) 548A-N can, in some embodiments, comprise any of the following elements: the packet engine 240, a network stack 267; a cache manager 232; a policy engine 236; a compression engine 238; an encryption engine 234; a GUI 210; a CLI 212; shell services 214; monitoring programs 216; and any other software or hardware element able to receive data packets from one of either the memory bus 556 or the one of more cores 505A-N. In some embodiments, the packet engine(s) 548A-N can comprise one or more vServers 275A-N, or any portion thereof. In other embodiments, the packet engine(s) 548A-N can provide any combination of the following functionalities: SSL VPN 280; Intranet UP 282; switching 284; DNS 286; packet acceleration 288; App FW 290; monitoring such as the monitoring provided by a monitoring agent 197; functionalities associated with functioning as a TCP stack; load balancing; SSL offloading and processing; content switching; policy evaluation; caching; compression; encoding; decompression; decoding; application firewall functionalities; XML processing and acceleration; and SSL VPN connectivity.

The packet engine(s) 548A-N can, in some embodiments, be associated with a particular server, user, client or network. When a packet engine 548 becomes associated with a particular entity, that packet engine 548 can process data packets associated with that entity. For example, should a packet engine 548 be associated with a first user, that packet engine 548 will process and operate on packets generated by the first user, or packets having a destination address associated with the first user. Similarly, the packet engine 548 may choose not to be associated with a particular entity such that the packet engine 548 can process and otherwise operate on any data packets not generated by that entity or destined for that entity.

In some instances, the packet engine(s) 548A-N can be configured to carry out the any of the functional and/or data parallelism schemes illustrated in FIG. 5A. In these instances, the packet engine(s) 548A-N can distribute functions or data among the processing cores 505A-N so that the distribution is according to the parallelism or distribution scheme. In some embodiments, a single packet engine(s) 548A-N carries out a load balancing scheme, while in other embodiments one or more packet engine(s) 548A-N carry out a load balancing scheme. Each core 505A-N, in one embodiment, can be associated with a particular packet engine 548 such that load balancing can be carried out by the packet engine. Load balancing may in this embodiment, require that each packet engine 548A-N associated with a core 505 communicate with the other packet engines associated with cores so that the packet engines 548A-N can collectively determine where to distribute load. One embodiment of this process can include an arbiter that receives votes from each packet engine for load. The arbiter can distribute load to each packet engine 548A-N based in part on the age of the engine's vote and in some cases a priority value associated with the current amount of load on an engine's associated core 505.

Any of the packet engines running on the cores may run in user mode, kernel or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the packet engine operates as an application or program running is user or application space. In these embodiments, the packet engine may use any type and form of interface to access any functionality provided by the kernel. In some embodiments, the packet engine operates in kernel mode or as part of the kernel. In some embodiments, a first portion of the packet engine operates in user mode while a second portion of the packet engine operates in kernel mode. In some embodiments, a first packet engine on a first core executes in kernel mode while a second packet engine on a second core executes in user mode. In some embodiments, the packet engine or any portions thereof operates on or in conjunction with the NIC or any drivers thereof.

In some embodiments the memory bus 556 can be any type and form of memory or computer bus. While a single memory bus 556 is depicted in FIG. 5B, the system 545 can comprise any number of memory buses 556. In one embodiment, each packet engine 548 can be associated with one or more individual memory buses 556.

The NIC 552 can in some embodiments be any of the network interface cards or mechanisms described herein. The NIC 552 can have any number of ports. The NIC can be designed and constructed to connect to any type and form of network 104. While a single NIC 552 is illustrated, the system 545 can comprise any number of NICs 552. In some embodiments, each core 505A-N can be associated with one or more single NICs 552. Thus, each core 505 can be associated with a single NIC 552 dedicated to a particular core 505.

The cores 505A-N can comprise any of the processors described herein. Further, the cores 505A-N can be configured according to any of the core 505 configurations described herein. Still further, the cores 505A-N can have any of the core 505 functionalities described herein. While FIG. 5B illustrates seven cores 505A-G, any number of cores 505 can be included within the system 545. In particular, the system 545 can comprise “N” cores, where “N” is a whole number greater than zero.

A core may have or use memory that is allocated or assigned for use to that core. The memory may be considered private or local memory of that core and only accessible by that core. A core may have or use memory that is shared or assigned to multiple cores. The memory may be considered public or shared memory that is accessible by more than one core. A core may use any combination of private and public memory. With separate address spaces for each core, some level of coordination is eliminated from the case of using the same address space. With a separate address space, a core can perform work on information and data in the core's own address space without worrying about conflicts with other cores. Each packet engine may have a separate memory pool for TCP and/or SSL connections.

Further referring to FIG. 5B, any of the functionality and/or embodiments of the cores 505 described above in connection with FIG. 5A can be deployed in any embodiment of the virtualized environment described above in connection with FIGS. 4A and 4B. Instead of the functionality of the cores 505 being deployed in the form of a physical processor 505, such functionality may be deployed in a virtualized environment 400 on any computing device 100, such as a client 102, server 106 or appliance 200. In other embodiments, instead of the functionality of the cores 505 being deployed in the form of an appliance or a single device, the functionality may be deployed across multiple devices in any arrangement. For example, one device may comprise two or more cores and another device may comprise two or more cores. For example, a multi-core system may include a cluster of computing devices, a server farm or network of computing devices. In some embodiments, instead of the functionality of the cores 505 being deployed in the form of cores, the functionality may be deployed on a plurality of processors, such as a plurality of single core processors.

In one embodiment, the cores 505 may be any type and form of processor. In some embodiments, a core can function substantially similar to any processor or central processing unit described herein. In some embodiments, the cores 505 may comprise any portion of any processor described herein. While FIG. 5A illustrates seven cores, there can exist any “N” number of cores within an appliance 200, where “N” is any whole number greater than one. In some embodiments, the cores 505 can be installed within a common appliance 200, while in other embodiments the cores 505 can be installed within one or more appliance(s) 200 communicatively connected to one another. The cores 505 can in some embodiments comprise graphics processing software, while in other embodiments the cores 505 provide general processing capabilities. The cores 505 can be installed physically near each other and/or can be communicatively connected to each other. The cores may be connected by any type and form of bus or subsystem physically and/or communicatively coupled to the cores for transferring data between to, from and/or between the cores.

While each core 505 can comprise software for communicating with other cores, in some embodiments a core manager (not shown) can facilitate communication between each core 505. In some embodiments, the kernel may provide core management. The cores may interface or communicate with each other using a variety of interface mechanisms. In some embodiments, core to core messaging may be used to communicate between cores, such as a first core sending a message or data to a second core via a bus or subsystem connecting the cores. In some embodiments, cores may communicate via any type and form of shared memory interface. In one embodiment, there may be one or more memory locations shared among all the cores. In some embodiments, each core may have separate memory locations shared with each other core. For example, a first core may have a first shared memory with a second core and a second share memory with a third core. In some embodiments, cores may communicate via any type of programming or API, such as function calls via the kernel. In some embodiments, the operating system may recognize and support multiple core devices and provide interfaces and API for inter-core communications.

The flow distributor 550 can be any application, program, library, script, task, service, process or any type and form of executable instructions executing on any type and form of hardware. In some embodiments, the flow distributor 550 may any design and construction of circuitry to perform any of the operations and functions described herein. In some embodiments, the flow distributor distribute, forwards, routes, controls and/or manage the distribution of data packets among the cores 505 and/or packet engine or VIPs running on the cores. The flow distributor 550, in some embodiments, can be referred to as an interface master. In one embodiment, the flow distributor 550 comprises a set of executable instructions executing on a core or processor of the appliance 200. In another embodiment, the flow distributor 550 comprises a set of executable instructions executing on a computing machine in communication with the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the flow distributor 550 comprises a set of executable instructions executing on a NIC, such as firmware. In still other embodiments, the flow distributor 550 comprises any combination of software and hardware to distribute data packets among cores or processors. In one embodiment, the flow distributor 550 executes on at least one of the cores 505A-N, while in other embodiments a separate flow distributor 550 assigned to each core 505A-N executes on an associated core 505A-N. The flow distributor may use any type and form of statistical or probabilistic algorithms or decision making to balance the flows across the cores. The hardware of the appliance, such as a NIC, or the kernel may be designed and constructed to support sequential operations across the NICs and/or cores.

In embodiments where the system 545 comprises one or more flow distributors 550, each flow distributor 550 can be associated with a processor 505 or a packet engine 548. The flow distributors 550 can comprise an interface mechanism that allows each flow distributor 550 to communicate with the other flow distributors 550 executing within the system 545. In one instance, the one or more flow distributors 550 can determine how to balance load by communicating with each other. This process can operate substantially similarly to the process described above for submitting votes to an arbiter which then determines which flow distributor 550 should receive the load. In other embodiments, a first flow distributor 550′ can identify the load on an associated core and determine whether to forward a first data packet to the associated core based on any of the following criteria: the load on the associated core is above a predetermined threshold; the load on the associated core is below a predetermined threshold; the load on the associated core is less than the load on the other cores; or any other metric that can be used to determine where to forward data packets based in part on the amount of load on a processor.

The flow distributor 550 can distribute network traffic among the cores 505 according to a distribution, computing or load balancing scheme such as those described herein. In one embodiment, the flow distributor can distribute network traffic according to any one of a functional parallelism distribution scheme 550, a data parallelism load distribution scheme 540, a flow-based data parallelism distribution scheme 520, or any combination of these distribution scheme or any load balancing scheme for distributing load among multiple processors. The flow distributor 550 can therefore act as a load distributor by taking in data packets and distributing them across the processors according to an operative load balancing or distribution scheme. In one embodiment, the flow distributor 550 can comprise one or more operations, functions or logic to determine how to distribute packers, work or load accordingly. In still other embodiments, the flow distributor 550 can comprise one or more sub operations, functions or logic that can identify a source address and a destination address associated with a data packet, and distribute packets accordingly.

In some embodiments, the flow distributor 550 can comprise a receive-side scaling (RSS) network driver, module 560 or any type and form of executable instructions which distribute data packets among the one or more cores 505. The RSS module 560 can comprise any combination of hardware and software. In some embodiments, the RSS module 560 works in conjunction with the flow distributor 550 to distribute data packets across the cores 505A-N or among multiple processors in a multi-processor network. The RSS module 560 can execute within the NIC 552 in some embodiments, and in other embodiments can execute on any one of the cores 505.

In some embodiments, the RSS module 560 uses the MICROSOFT receive-side-scaling (RSS) scheme. In one embodiment, RSS is a Microsoft Scalable Networking initiative technology that enables receive processing to be balanced across multiple processors in the system while maintaining in-order delivery of the data. The RSS may use any type and form of hashing scheme to determine a core or processor for processing a network packet.

The RSS module 560 can apply any type and form hash function such as the Toeplitz hash function. The hash function may be applied to the hash type or any the sequence of values. The hash function may be a secure hash of any security level or is otherwise cryptographically secure. The hash function may use a hash key. The size of the key is dependent upon the hash function. For the Toeplitz hash, the size may be 40 bytes for IPv6 and 16 bytes for IPv4.

The hash function may be designed and constructed based on any one or more criteria or design goals. In some embodiments, a hash function may be used that provides an even distribution of hash result for different hash inputs and different hash types, including TCP/IPv4, TCP/IPv6, IPv4, and IPv6 headers. In some embodiments, a hash function may be used that provides a hash result that is evenly distributed when a small number of buckets are present (for example, two or four). In some embodiments, hash function may be used that provides a hash result that is randomly distributed when a large number of buckets were present (for example, 64 buckets). In some embodiments, the hash function is determined based on a level of computational or resource usage. In some embodiments, the hash function is determined based on ease or difficulty of implementing the hash in hardware. In some embodiments, the hash function is determined based on the ease or difficulty of a malicious remote host to send packets that would all hash to the same bucket.

The RSS may generate hashes from any type and form of input, such as a sequence of values. This sequence of values can include any portion of the network packet, such as any header, field or payload of network packet, or portions thereof. In some embodiments, the input to the hash may be referred to as a hash type and include any tuples of information associated with a network packet or data flow, such as any of the following: a four tuple comprising at least two IP addresses and two ports; a four tuple comprising any four sets of values; a six tuple; a two tuple; and/or any other sequence of numbers or values. The following are example of hash types that may be used by RSS:

4-tuple of source TCP Port, source IP version 4 (IPv4) address, destination TCP Port, and destination IPv4 address.

4-tuple of source TCP Port, source IP version 6 (IPv6) address, destination TCP Port, and destination IPv6 address.

2-tuple of source IPv4 address, and destination IPv4 address.

2-tuple of source IPv6 address, and destination IPv6 address.

2-tuple of source IPv6 address, and destination IPv6 address, including support for parsing IPv6 extension headers.

The hash result or any portion thereof may be used to identify a core or entity, such as a packet engine or VIP, for distributing a network packet. In some embodiments, one or more hash bits or mask are applied to the hash result. The hash bit or mask may be any number of bits or bytes. A NIC may support any number of bits, such as seven bits. The network stack may set the actual number of bits to be used during initialization. The number will be between 1 and 7, inclusive.

The hash result may be used to identify the core or entity via any type and form of table, such as a bucket table or indirection table. In some embodiments, the number of hash-result bits are used to index into the table. The range of the hash mask may effectively define the size of the indirection table. Any portion of the hash result or the hash result itself may be used to index the indirection table. The values in the table may identify any of the cores or processor, such as by a core or processor identifier. In some embodiments, all of the cores of the multi-core system are identified in the table. In other embodiments, a port of the cores of the multi-core system are identified in the table. The indirection table may comprise any number of buckets for example 2 to 128 buckets that may be indexed by a hash mask. Each bucket may comprise a range of index values that identify a core or processor. In some embodiments, the flow controller and/or RSS module may rebalance the network rebalance the network load by changing the indirection table.

In some embodiments, the multi-core system 575 does not include a RSS driver or RSS module 560. In some of these embodiments, a software steering module (not shown) or a software embodiment of the RSS module within the system can operate in conjunction with or as part of the flow distributor 550 to steer packets to cores 505 within the multi-core system 575.

The flow distributor 550, in some embodiments, executes within any module or program on the appliance 200, on any one of the cores 505 and on any one of the devices or components included within the multi-core system 575. In some embodiments, the flow distributor 550′ can execute on the first core 505A, while in other embodiments the flow distributor 550″ can execute on the NIC 552. In still other embodiments, an instance of the flow distributor 550′ can execute on each core 505 included in the multi-core system 575. In this embodiment, each instance of the flow distributor 550′ can communicate with other instances of the flow distributor 550′ to forward packets back and forth across the cores 505. There exist situations where a response to a request packet may not be processed by the same core, i.e. the first core processes the request while the second core processes the response. In these situations, the instances of the flow distributor 550′ can intercept the packet and forward it to the desired or correct core 505, i.e. a flow distributor instance 550′ can forward the response to the first core. Multiple instances of the flow distributor 550′ can execute on any number of cores 505 and any combination of cores 505.

The flow distributor may operate responsive to any one or more rules or policies. The rules may identify a core or packet processing engine to receive a network packet, data or data flow. The rules may identify any type and form of tuple information related to a network packet, such as a 4-tuple of source and destination IP address and source and destination ports. Based on a received packet matching the tuple specified by the rule, the flow distributor may forward the packet to a core or packet engine. In some embodiments, the packet is forwarded to a core via shared memory and/or core to core messaging.

Although FIG. 5B illustrates the flow distributor 550 as executing within the multi-core system 575, in some embodiments the flow distributor 550 can execute on a computing device or appliance remotely located from the multi-core system 575. In such an embodiment, the flow distributor 550 can communicate with the multi-core system 575 to take in data packets and distribute the packets across the one or more cores 505. The flow distributor 550 can, in one embodiment, receive data packets destined for the appliance 200, apply a distribution scheme to the received data packets and distribute the data packets to the one or more cores 505 of the multi-core system 575. In one embodiment, the flow distributor 550 can be included in a router or other appliance such that the router can target particular cores 505 by altering meta data associated with each packet so that each packet is targeted towards a sub-node of the multi-core system 575. In such an embodiment, CISCO's vn-tag mechanism can be used to alter or tag each packet with the appropriate meta data.

Illustrated in FIG. 5C is an embodiment of a multi-core system 575 comprising one or more processing cores 505A-N. In brief overview, one of the cores 505 can be designated as a control core 505A and can be used as a control plane 570 for the other cores 505. The other cores may be secondary cores which operate in a data plane while the control core provides the control plane. The cores 505A-N may share a global cache 580. While the control core provides a control plane, the other cores in the multi-core system form or provide a data plane. These cores perform data processing functionality on network traffic while the control provides initialization, configuration and control of the multi-core system.

Further referring to FIG. 5C, and in more detail, the cores 505A-N as well as the control core 505A can be any processor described herein. Furthermore, the cores 505A-N and the control core 505A can be any processor able to function within the system 575 described in FIG. 5C. Still further, the cores 505A-N and the control core 505A can be any core or group of cores described herein. The control core may be a different type of core or processor than the other cores. In some embodiments, the control may operate a different packet engine or have a packet engine configured differently than the packet engines of the other cores.

Any portion of the memory of each of the cores may be allocated to or used for a global cache that is shared by the cores. In brief overview, a predetermined percentage or predetermined amount of each of the memory of each core may be used for the global cache. For example, 50% of each memory of each code may be dedicated or allocated to the shared global cache. That is, in the illustrated embodiment, 2 GB of each core excluding the control plane core or core 1 may be used to form a 28 GB shared global cache. The configuration of the control plane such as via the configuration services may determine the amount of memory used for the shared global cache. In some embodiments, each core may provide a different amount of memory for use by the global cache. In other embodiments, any one core may not provide any memory or use the global cache. In some embodiments, any of the cores may also have a local cache in memory not allocated to the global shared memory. Each of the cores may store any portion of network traffic to the global shared cache. Each of the cores may check the cache for any content to use in a request or response. Any of the cores may obtain content from the global shared cache to use in a data flow, request or response.

The global cache 580 can be any type and form of memory or storage element, such as any memory or storage element described herein. In some embodiments, the cores 505 may have access to a predetermined amount of memory (i.e. 32 GB or any other memory amount commensurate with the system 575). The global cache 580 can be allocated from that predetermined amount of memory while the rest of the available memory can be allocated among the cores 505. In other embodiments, each core 505 can have a predetermined amount of memory. The global cache 580 can comprise an amount of the memory allocated to each core 505. This memory amount can be measured in bytes, or can be measured as a percentage of the memory allocated to each core 505. Thus, the global cache 580 can comprise 1 GB of memory from the memory associated with each core 505, or can comprise 20 percent or one-half of the memory associated with each core 505. In some embodiments, only a portion of the cores 505 provide memory to the global cache 580, while in other embodiments the global cache 580 can comprise memory not allocated to the cores 505.

Each core 505 can use the global cache 580 to store network traffic or cache data. In some embodiments, the packet engines of the core use the global cache to cache and use data stored by the plurality of packet engines. For example, the cache manager of FIG. 2A and cache functionality of FIG. 2B may use the global cache to share data for acceleration. For example, each of the packet engines may store responses, such as HTML data, to the global cache. Any of the cache managers operating on a core may access the global cache to server caches responses to client requests.

In some embodiments, the cores 505 can use the global cache 580 to store a port allocation table which can be used to determine data flow based in part on ports. In other embodiments, the cores 505 can use the global cache 580 to store an address lookup table or any other table or list that can be used by the flow distributor to determine where to direct incoming and outgoing data packets. The cores 505 can, in some embodiments read from and write to cache 580, while in other embodiments the cores 505 can only read from or write to cache 580. The cores may use the global cache to perform core to core communications.

The global cache 580 may be sectioned into individual memory sections where each section can be dedicated to a particular core 505. In one embodiment, the control core 505A can receive a greater amount of available cache, while the other cores 505 can receiving varying amounts or access to the global cache 580.

In some embodiments, the system 575 can comprise a control core 505A. While FIG. 5C illustrates core 1 505A as the control core, the control core can be any core within the appliance 200 or multi-core system. Further, while only a single control core is depicted, the system 575 can comprise one or more control cores each having a level of control over the system. In some embodiments, one or more control cores can each control a particular aspect of the system 575. For example, one core can control deciding which distribution scheme to use, while another core can determine the size of the global cache 580.

The control plane of the multi-core system may be the designation and configuration of a core as the dedicated management core or as a master core. This control plane core may provide control, management and coordination of operation and functionality the plurality of cores in the multi-core system. This control plane core may provide control, management and coordination of allocation and use of memory of the system among the plurality of cores in the multi-core system, including initialization and configuration of the same. In some embodiments, the control plane includes the flow distributor for controlling the assignment of data flows to cores and the distribution of network packets to cores based on data flows. In some embodiments, the control plane core runs a packet engine and in other embodiments, the control plane core is dedicated to management and control of the other cores of the system.

The control core 505A can exercise a level of control over the other cores 505 such as determining how much memory should be allocated to each core 505 or determining which core 505 should be assigned to handle a particular function or hardware/software entity. The control core 505A, in some embodiments, can exercise control over those cores 505 within the control plan 570. Thus, there can exist processors outside of the control plane 570 which are not controlled by the control core 505A. Determining the boundaries of the control plane 570 can include maintaining, by the control core 505A or agent executing within the system 575, a list of those cores 505 controlled by the control core 505A. The control core 505A can control any of the following: initialization of a core; determining when a core is unavailable; re-distributing load to other cores 505 when one core fails; determining which distribution scheme to implement; determining which core should receive network traffic; determining how much cache should be allocated to each core; determining whether to assign a particular function or element to a particular core; determining whether to permit cores to communicate with one another; determining the size of the global cache 580; and any other determination of a function, configuration or operation of the cores within the system 575.

F. Systems and Methods for Providing a Distributed Cluster Architecture

As discussed in the previous section, to overcome limitations on transistor spacing and CPU speed increases, many CPU manufacturers have incorporated multi-core CPUs to improve performance beyond that capable of even a single, higher speed CPU. Similar or further performance gains may be made by operating a plurality of appliances, either single or multi-core, together as a distributed or clustered appliance. Individual computing devices or appliances may be referred to as nodes of the cluster. A centralized management system may perform load balancing, distribution, configuration, or other tasks to allow the nodes to operate in conjunction as a single computing system. Externally or to other devices, including servers and clients, in many embodiments, the cluster may be viewed as a single virtual appliance or computing device, albeit one with performance exceeding that of a typical individual appliance.

Referring now to FIG. 6, illustrated is an embodiment of a computing device cluster or appliance cluster 600. A plurality of appliances 200 a-200 n or other computing devices, sometimes referred to as nodes, such as desktop computers, servers, rack mount servers, blade servers, or any other type and form of computing device may be joined into a single appliance cluster 600. Although referred to as an appliance cluster, in many embodiments, the cluster may operate as an application server, network storage server, backup service, or any other type of computing device without limitation. In many embodiments, the appliance cluster 600 may be used to perform many of the functions of appliances 200, WAN optimization devices, network acceleration devices, or other devices discussed above.

In some embodiments, the appliance cluster 600 may comprise a homogenous set of computing devices, such as identical appliances, blade servers within one or more chassis, desktop or rack mount computing devices, or other devices. In other embodiments, the appliance cluster 600 may comprise a heterogeneous or mixed set of devices, including different models of appliances, mixed appliances and servers, or any other set of computing devices. This may allow for an appliance cluster 600 to be expanded or upgraded over time with new models or devices, for example.

In some embodiments, each computing device or appliance 200 of an appliance cluster 600 may comprise a multi-core appliance, as discussed above. In many such embodiments, the core management and flow distribution methods discussed above may be utilized by each individual appliance, in addition to the node management and distribution methods discussed herein. This may be thought of as a two-tier distributed system, with one appliance comprising and distributing data to multiple nodes, and each node comprising and distributing data for processing to multiple cores. Accordingly, in such embodiments, the node distribution system need not manage flow distribution to individual cores, as that may be taken care of by a master or control core as discussed above.

In many embodiments, an appliance cluster 600 may be physically grouped, such as a plurality of blade servers in a chassis or plurality of rack mount devices in a single rack, but in other embodiments, the appliance cluster 600 may be distributed in a plurality of chassis, plurality of racks, plurality of rooms in a data center, plurality of data centers, or any other physical arrangement. Accordingly, the appliance cluster 600 may be considered a virtual appliance, grouped via common configuration, management, and purpose, rather than a physical group.

In some embodiments, an appliance cluster 600 may be connected to one or more networks 104, 104′. For example, referring briefly back to FIG. 1A, in some embodiments, an appliance 200 may be deployed between a network 104 joined to one or more clients 102, and a network 104′ joined to one or more servers 106. An appliance cluster 600 may be similarly deployed to operate as a single appliance. In many embodiments, this may not require any network topology changes external to appliance cluster 600, allowing for ease of installation and scalability from a single appliance scenario. In other embodiments, an appliance cluster 600 may be similarly deployed as shown in FIGS. 1B-1D or discussed above. In still other embodiments, an appliance cluster may comprise a plurality of virtual machines or processes executed by one or more servers. For example, in one such embodiment, a server farm may execute a plurality of virtual machines, each virtual machine configured as an appliance 200, and a plurality of the virtual machines acting in concert as an appliance cluster 600. In yet still other embodiments, an appliance cluster 600 may comprise a mix of appliances 200 or virtual machines configured as appliances 200. In some embodiments, appliance cluster 600 may be geographically distributed, with the plurality of appliances 200 not co-located. For example, referring back to FIG. 6, in one such embodiment, a first appliance 200 a may be located at a first site, such as a data center and a second appliance 200 b may be located at a second site, such as a central office or corporate headquarters. In a further embodiment, such geographically remote appliances may be joined by a dedicated network, such as a T1 or T3 point-to-point connection; a VPN; or any other type and form of network. Accordingly, although there may be additional communications latency compared to co-located appliances 200 a-200 b, there may be advantages in reliability in case of site power failures or communications outages, scalability, or other benefits. In some embodiments, latency issues may be reduced through geographic or network-based distribution of data flows. For example, although configured as an appliance cluster 600, communications from clients and servers at the corporate headquarters may be directed to the appliance 200 b deployed at the site, load balancing may be weighted by location, or similar steps can be taken to mitigate any latency.

Still referring to FIG. 6, an appliance cluster 600 may be connected to a network via a client data plane 602. In some embodiments, client data plane 602 may comprise a communication network, such as a network 104, carrying data between clients and appliance cluster 600. In some embodiments, client data plane 602 may comprise a switch, hub, router, or other network devices bridging an external network 104 and the plurality of appliances 200 a-200 n of the appliance cluster 600. For example, in one such embodiment, a router may be connected to an external network 104, and connected to a network interface of each appliance 200 a-200 n. In some embodiments, this router or switch may be referred to as an interface manager, and may further be configured to distribute traffic evenly across the nodes in the application cluster 600. Thus, in many embodiments, the interface master may comprise a flow distributor external to appliance cluster 600. In other embodiments, the interface master may comprise one of appliances 200 a-200 n. For example, a first appliance 200 a may serve as the interface master, receiving incoming traffic for the appliance cluster 600 and distributing the traffic across each of appliances 200 b-200 n. In some embodiments, return traffic may similarly flow from each of appliances 200 b-200 n via the first appliance 200 a serving as the interface master. In other embodiments, return traffic from each of appliances 200 b-200 n may be transmitted directly to a network 104, 104′, or via an external router, switch, or other device. In some embodiments, appliances 200 of the appliance cluster not serving as an interface master may be referred to as interface slaves 610A-610N.

The interface master may perform load balancing or traffic flow distribution in any of a variety of ways. For example, in some embodiments, the interface master may comprise a router performing equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) routing with next hops configured with appliances or nodes of the cluster. The interface master may use an open-shortest path first (OSPF) In some embodiments, the interface master may use a stateless hash-based mechanism for traffic distribution, such as hashes based on IP address or other packet information tuples, as discussed above. Hash keys and/or salt may be selected for even distribution across the nodes. In other embodiments, the interface master may perform flow distribution via link aggregation (LAG) protocols, or any other type and form of flow distribution, load balancing, and routing.

In some embodiments, the appliance cluster 600 may be connected to a network via a server data plane 604. Similar to client data plane 602, server data plane 604 may comprise a communication network, such as a network 104′, carrying data between servers and appliance cluster 600. In some embodiments, server data plane 604 may comprise a switch, hub, router, or other network devices bridging an external network 104′ and the plurality of appliances 200 a-200 n of the appliance cluster 600. For example, in one such embodiment, a router may be connected to an external network 104′, and connected to a network interface of each appliance 200 a-200 n. In many embodiments, each appliance 200 a-200 n may comprise multiple network interfaces, with a first network interface connected to client data plane 602 and a second network interface connected to server data plane 604. This may provide additional security and prevent direct interface of client and server networks by having appliance cluster 600 server as an intermediary device. In other embodiments, client data plane 602 and server data plane 604 may be merged or combined. For example, appliance cluster 600 may be deployed as a non-intermediary node on a network with clients 102 and servers 106. As discussed above, in many embodiments, an interface master may be deployed on the server data plane 604, for routing and distributing communications from the servers and network 104′ to each appliance of the appliance cluster. In many embodiments, an interface master for client data plane 602 and an interface master for server data plane 604 may be similarly configured, performing ECMP or LAG protocols as discussed above.

In some embodiments, each appliance 200 a-200 n in appliance cluster 600 may be connected via an internal communication network or back plane 606. Back plane 606 may comprise a communication network for inter-node or inter-appliance control and configuration messages, and for inter-node forwarding of traffic. For example, in one embodiment in which a first appliance 200 a communicates with a client via network 104, and a second appliance 200 b communicates with a server via network 104′, communications between the client and server may flow from client to first appliance, from first appliance to second appliance via back plane 606, and from second appliance to server, and vice versa. In other embodiments, back plane 606 may carry configuration messages, such as interface pause or reset commands; policy updates such as filtering or compression policies; status messages such as buffer status, throughput, or error messages; or any other type and form of inter-node communication. In some embodiments, RSS keys or hash keys may be shared by all nodes in the cluster, and may be communicated via back plane 606. For example, a first node or master node may select an RSS key, such as at startup or boot, and may distribute this key for use by other nodes. In some embodiments, back plane 606 may comprise a network between network interfaces of each appliance 200, and may comprise a router, switch, or other network device (not illustrated). Thus, in some embodiments and as discussed above, a router for client data plane 602 may be deployed between appliance cluster 600 and network 104, a router for server data plane 604 may be deployed between appliance cluster 600 and network 104′, and a router for back plane 606 may be deployed as part of appliance cluster 600. Each router may connect to a different network interface of each appliance 200. In other embodiments, one or more planes 602-606 may be combined, or a router or switch may be split into multiple LANs or VLANs to connect to different interfaces of appliances 200 a-200 n and serve multiple routing functions simultaneously, to reduce complexity or eliminate extra devices from the system.

In some embodiments, a control plane (not illustrated) may communicate configuration and control traffic from an administrator or user to the appliance cluster 600. In some embodiments, the control plane may be a fourth physical network, while in other embodiments, the control plane may comprise a VPN, tunnel, or communication via one of planes 602-606. Thus, the control plane may, in some embodiments, be considered a virtual communication plane. In other embodiments, an administrator may provide configuration and control through a separate interface, such as a serial communication interface such as RS-232; a USB communication interface; or any other type and form of communication. In some embodiments, an appliance 200 may comprise an interface for administration, such as a front panel with buttons and a display; a web server for configuration via network 104, 104′ or back plane 606; or any other type and form of interface.

In some embodiments, as discussed above, appliance cluster 600 may include internal flow distribution. For example, this may be done to allow nodes to join/leave transparently to external devices. To prevent an external flow distributor from needing to be repeatedly reconfigured on such changes, a node or appliance may act as an interface master or distributor for steering network packets to the correct node within the cluster 600. For example, in some embodiments, when a node leaves the cluster (such as on failure, reset, or similar cases), an external ECMP router may identify the change in nodes, and may rehash all flows to redistribute traffic. This may result in dropping and resetting all connections. The same drop and reset may occur when the node rejoins. In some embodiments, for reliability, two appliances or nodes within appliance cluster 600 may receive communications from external routers via connection mirroring.

In many embodiments, flow distribution among nodes of appliance cluster 600 may use any of the methods discussed above for flow distribution among cores of an appliance. For example, in one embodiment, a master appliance, master node, or interface master, may compute a RSS hash, such as a Toeplitz hash on incoming traffic and consult a preference list or distribution table for the hash. In many embodiments, the flow distributor may provide the hash to the recipient appliance when forwarding the traffic. This may eliminate the need for the node to recompute the hash for flow distribution to a core. In many such embodiments, the RSS key used for calculating hashes for distribution among the appliances may comprise the same key as that used for calculating hashes for distribution among the cores, which may be referred to as a global RSS key, allowing for reuse of the calculated hash. In some embodiments, the hash may be computed with input tuples of transport layer headers including port numbers, internet layer headers including IP addresses; or any other packet header information. In some embodiments, packet body information may be utilized for the hash. For example, in one embodiment in which traffic of one protocol is encapsulated within traffic of another protocol, such as lossy UDP traffic encapsulated via a lossless TCP header, the flow distributor may calculate the hash based on the headers of the encapsulated protocol (e.g. UDP headers) rather than the encapsulating protocol (e.g. TCP headers). Similarly, in some embodiments in which packets are encapsulated and encrypted or compressed, the flow distributor may calculate the hash based on the headers of the payload packet after decryption or decompression. In still other embodiments, nodes may have internal IP addresses, such as for configuration or administration purposes. Traffic to these IP addresses need not be hashed and distributed, but rather may be forwarded to the node owning the destination address. For example, an appliance may have a web server or other server running for configuration or administration purposes at an IP address of 1.2.3.4, and, in some embodiments, may register this address with the flow distributor as its internal IP address. In other embodiments, the flow distributor may assign internal IP addresses to each node within the appliance cluster 600. Traffic arriving from external clients or servers, such as a workstation used by an administrator, directed to the internal IP address of the appliance (1.2.3.4) may be forwarded directly, without requiring hashing.

G. Clientless Virtual Private Network Environment

Referring now to FIG. 7A, an embodiment of a clientless virtual private network (VPN) environment for accessing a server via an appliance 200 or proxy is depicted. In brief overview, the client 102 operates on computing device 100 and executes a browser operated by a user. The client 102 may be on a first network 104, such as a public network. A user on the client 102 may request via the browser access to a resource on a second network 104′, such as a private network of an enterprise. The appliance 200 provides the user a clientless VPN access to the requested resource. The client may not install, execute or otherwise any agent, component, program, driver or application that is constructed and/or designed to provide VPN connectivity (referred to as client based VPN) to the network 104′. Instead, the appliance or proxy may rewrite responses from the server and requests from the client to provide VPN functionality without the user of a VPN agent operating on the client. For example, the appliance may rewrite Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) between the client and server, such as URLs in any content server by the server or requests transmitted by the client. The appliance 200 may rewrite URLs between the client and the server in a manner transparent and seamless to either or both of the client and the server. As such, the client, browser or server and server application do not need to have knowledge or be aware of the clientless SSL VPN access scenario.

A virtual private network (VPN) may be any network using public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the internet, to provide remote clients, servers or other communicating devices with an access or connection into a private network, such as from a public network. A virtual private network (VPN) is a way to use a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote users with access to an enterprise or private network. In some embodiments, the access is secure via encryption or tunneling. In some embodiments, the intermediary described herein provides a secure virtual private network connection from a first network of the client to the second network of the server.

A Secure Socket Layer (SSL) VPN may use SSL or TLS or any other type and form of secure protocols to establish the connection with a level of security. In some embodiments, an SSL VPN may use any type and form of encryption for establishing or maintaining secure access. An SSL VPN may be established and/or accessed via a browser such as using HTTPS (Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol). An SSL VPN may be established or provided by an SSL enabled browser or application.

The SSL VPN connection or session may be established or provided by either using a client based or clientless approach. A client based SSL VPN may be use any type and form of client agent or any software related agent on the client 102 to establish a SSL VPN connection or session. For example, a client based SSL VPN may be provided via an SSL VPN client agent downloaded to the client, such as downloaded from an appliance. The client agent may be designed and configured to establish and provide the SSL VPN functionality, connection and access between the client and the appliance or server.

A clientless SSL VPN may be any SSL VPN that does not use an SSL VPN client agent, software or programs downloaded and installed on the client 102 to establish the SSL VPN connection or session. In some embodiments, a clientless SSL VPN may be any SSL VPN that does not require a client 102 to install or execute a predetermined software or an executable file designed and constructed to provide SSL VPN functionality in order to establish an SSL VPN connection with another network device. In some embodiments, a clientless SSL VPN is established via an SSL enabled browser that has not downloaded or does not require the use of a VPN or SSL VPN client agent. A clientless SSL VPN connection or session may use the protocols and communications of a standard browser or application, such as an SSL enabled browser. A clientless SSL VPN connection or session may be provided by an intermediary or appliance as described herein that translates, rewrites or transforms content of requests and responses between a first network and a second network.

The appliance 200 may provide via an SSL VPN 280 module, previously described herein, a facility for accessing a resource. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 provides a client based access to a network by providing, installing or executing an SSL VPN agent on the client 102 for communicating with the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 provides for clientless SSL VPN access to a resource, such as an http/https/file share, without having to download an SSL VPN client or agent to the client 102. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 provides remote access to corporate intranet resources, web applications, web servers and/or web resources, using a web browser at the client end. For example, a user may want to access the resources within company from an outside machine such at a kiosk on which he does not have privilege to install the client or does not want to go through the client installation process. The clientless SSL VPN feature is also useful when the SSL VPN client is not supported for the device (e.g. new PDA in market) but the device run an SSL enabled browser. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 chooses for a user between client-based and clientless SSL VPN access to the resource based on policy and any policy rules, actions and/or conditions.

The client may include any type and form of user agent which may be a browser, editor, spider (web-traversing robots), or any other end user tool or program. The client 102 may include any type and form of browser. In one embodiment, the browser is any version of Internet Explorer manufactured by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. In another embodiment, the browser is any version of the Netscape browser manufactured by the Netscape Communications Corporation. In other embodiments, the browser is any version of the open source browser referred to as Firefox and provided by Mozilla Foundation of California and found at www.mozilla.com. In yet another embodiment, the browser is any version of the browser referred to as Opera manufactured by Opera Software ASA of Oslo, Norway. In some embodiments, the client 102 executes or includes any type and form of application or program for displaying web pages, web content, HTML, XML, CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), JavaScript or HTTP content.

In operation of the embodiment depicted by FIG. 7A, a user logs in at the SSLVPN site provided by the appliance 200, such as a domain name and IP address hosted by the appliance 200. For example, the user via a browser of the client 102, may select or enter a URL to the SSL VPN site. The appliance 200 may authenticate the user and may further determine authorization of the user to access the appliance 200 or the SSL VPN site. After successful authentication, the appliance serves a portal page to the client to display to the user via the browser. The portal page may include a navigation box, such as a set of one or more user interface elements for a user to select to operate or run an application. The portal page may include links to other pages or URLs to which the user may have access. The URLs or links on the portal page may reference or identify the host name or IP address of the SSL VPN site provided by the appliance 200.

The user via the portal page may select one or more URLs, for example, by clicking on an active hyperlink or URL. In response, the browser or client transmits a request to the domain hosted by the appliance 200. For example, as depicted in FIG. 7A, the user may request an application of the server 106 via the appliance: “https://sslvpn.x.com/cvpn/http/server.x.com/app.cgi”. In some embodiments, the user sends another request, such as for example “https://proxy.x.com/cvpn/http/server.x.com/app.cgi”. The appliance 200 receives the request from the client 102 and rewrites the request to transmit to the server. For example, as depicted in FIG. 7A, the appliance may remove or strip the domain name hosted by the appliance such as “sslvpn.x.com” or “proxy.x.com” and forward the remaining portion of the request to the server 106.

In response to the request, the server serves content to the client. The content or body of the response may include embedded links or URLs to other pages of the server or to other servers on the network 104′, such as embedded links to “http://server.x.com/app.cgi”. The appliance rewrites the header and body to modify any URLs to reference the domain name or IP address of the SSL VPN site so that any further URL or link selection via the browser of the client communicates requests to the appliance 200. The appliance communicates the modified content to the client 102. The appliance 200, such as via the AppFw 290, sometimes referred to as AppSecure module 290, may be designed and constructed to rewrite URLs of requests and responses based on policy of a policy engine. The links (URLs) in that page and other pages received subsequently from the server during this SSL VPN session are modified by the appliance in such a way that the links point to the SSLVPN site (VPN VIP 275) and the original request URL (absolute or relative) is encoded within that request URL.

Referring now to FIG. 11B, another embodiment of a VPN environment for providing VPN access as well as cookie management is depicted. In brief overview, the appliance 200 may include a VPN module 280 for handling any of the SSL VPN functionality, clientless and/or client based, as described herein. The appliance and/or VPN module 280 may have an AAA module to perform any type and form of authentication, authorization and auditing (AAA) and/or to track and manage VPN session information. The AAA module may also perform any type and form of VPN session look to determine the VPN session for any client request. The VPN module may also perform an URL decoding and covert the URL to server format, such as to submit to a server on the private network. VPN module 280 also includes DNS lookup functionality and authorization via VPN handler function, logic or operation.

The appliance may include a cookie proxy or cookie manager for storing, tracking and managing cookies between the client and the server. The cookie may include cookie storage, referred to as a cookie jar for adding or inserting cookies as well as removing cookies. The cookie manager or proxy may include functions, logic or operations to store and look up cookie information in a cookie jar by URL, domain name or other information of the request and/or response. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 manages cookies on the behalf of clients that do not support cookies, disabled cookies or for cases where it may be desired or preferred not to send cookies to the client.

The appliance may also include an AppFW 280 also referred to as AppSecure in the context of an appliance manufactured by Citrix Systems, Inc. The AppSecure 280 module may include logic, functions or operations for perform any type and form of content rewriting, such as URL rewriting. In some embodiments, the AppSecure 280 module performs any type and form of content injection into a request and/or response between a client and a server. In one embodiment, the AppSecure module 280 injects scripts into a response to the client, such as a JavaScript, to perform any type and form of desired functionality.

Any of the components of the appliance 200 used for clientless SSL VPN access may be responsive to or driven by configuration, such as via any one or more policies of the policy engine. The policies may direct and determine the type and form of URL encoding and decoding performed by the VPN module. In some embodiments, the policies may direct and determine how and when the cookie proxy manages and proxies cookies. In other embodiments, the policies may direct and determine how and when the AppSecure module performs URL rewriting and/or content injection. The policies may direct the way a user access the private network and applications on the private networks. Policies may be configured based on access scenarios, which can include access based on any combination of a user, type and form of client, type and form of network, type of resources accessed, types of applications used, temporal information as well as any information that may be determined by the appliance via network traffic traversing thereto.

With reference to FIG. 11B, a flow of packets via the appliance 200 for clientless SSL VPN access is discussed. In response to a successful login request, the VPN appliance may send a portal page to the sender of the login request. The portal page may have one or more links in “vpn encoded form” as described in connection with FIG. 7A. The portal page flows through the response code path described below. When a user clicks on any of the URLs in the portal page, the packet flow may be implemented in a number of ways and using a number of steps. In some embodiments, for request path at step Q1, the appliance 200 may receive a URL request and look up the VPN session in the AAA module. At step Q2, the appliance may decode the VPN encoded URL to the expected URL for the server or the network 104′. The appliance may also modify the header of the request, such as the header values, to server format, or a format intended for transmission and use by the server 106, such as the HTTP server for example. The appliance may reparse the header so that any other modules of the appliance see the request in the server format. At step Q3 in the request path, the appliance via the cookie manager or proxy may look up the cookie for the request based on the domain and path of the URL. In some cases, if the request should include a cookie, the appliance may insert the cookie from a cookie jar. At step Q4, the appliance may resolve the domain name of the server present in the URL into an IP address of the server via a DNS lookup function/module of the appliance. The appliance may create server information based on the DNS lookup in the AAA module. In addition, authorization policies may be evaluated to determine if the request may be transmitted to the server. At step Q5 the appliance may send the request to the server. In some embodiments, the appliance sends the request to the server provided that the authorization is successful.

In the response path from the server to the client via the appliance, at step S1, the appliance may receive the response from the server. The VPN module 280 may process the response. The VPN module may pass the response header to the cookie proxy module and the response body to the AppSecure module. At step S2, the cookie proxy may remove cookies from the header of the response that are not configured or otherwise identified as client consumed cookies and store them in a cookie jar used for the current session. At step S3, the AppSecure module may rewrite any URL in “vpn encoded form” as per rewrite policies. The AppSecure module may also insert into the response body any scripts, such as JavaScript code to be executed at client side. At step S4, the appliance may send the modified response to the client. In many embodiments, any of the Q or S steps happen in any order or in any combination with any other steps or embodiments described herein.

H Systems and Methods for Configuration and Fine Grain Policy Driven Web Content Detection and Rewrite

Referring now to FIG. 4, a view of a system for configuration and policy driven web content detection and rewrite is depicted. In brief overview, the system comprises the client 102 in communication with the appliance 200. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 includes a policy engine 236, a SSL VPN module 280, an URL rewriter 830 and a database 440. In another embodiment, the policy engine further comprises clientless policies 805, client based policies 410 and one or more access profiles 815A-815N (in general referred to as access profiles 815). The appliance 200 is in communication with the server 106. In one embodiment, one or more applications 820 a-820 n (in general referred to as applications 820) execute on one or more servers 106. The client 102 transmits a URL request 801 which is intercepted at the appliance 200. The appliance 200 modifies the request 801 and forwards the modified request 801′ to the server 106.

In one embodiment, the request 801 transmitted by the client 102 includes a URL link for a SSL VPN site provided by the appliance. In another embodiment, the request 801 is a URL request for a site that is outside of the SSL VPN. In still another embodiment, the request 801 includes authentication data required to access the SSL VPN. In yet another embodiment, the request 801 is transmitted in response to the user accessing a link on a portal page received at the client after successful authentication to the SSL VPN. In some embodiments, the request 801 comprises a URL for one or more of the following: web pages, static images, animated images, audio files and video files. In some embodiments, the request 801 comprises a URL accessing a resource, application or service stored on one or more servers 106 on a secured network. The request may include a URL for accessing resources, applications or services that is different from, but associated with the URL that the server 106 being accessed recognizes or accepts. In some embodiments, the requests from the client 102 are rewritten, modified or transformed before being forwarded to the server 106.

In some embodiments, the URL included in the request 801 may be of the general form: <scheme name>:<hierarchical part>[?<query>][#<fragment>]

The scheme name generally identifies the protocol associated with the URL. The scheme name may include but is not limited to the following: http (Hyper Text Transfer protocol), https (Secure http), aaa (diameter protocol), aaas (secure aaa), dns (Domain Name System), imap (Internet Message Access Protocol), ftp (File Transfer Protocol), ldap (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol), news (newsgroup protocol), telnet (TELecommunication NETwork protocol), nntp (Network News Transfer Protocol) and pop (Post Office Protocol). The URL may include any type and form of portion of URL or URL related text, such as for example: “http://www.xyz.com/xyz/xyzpage.htm” or “ftp://ftp.xyz.com/xyz/xyztext.txt”, “ldap://[1985: db8::7}/f=GB?obj ectClass?one”.

The hierarchical part is intended to hold identification information hierarchical in nature. In one embodiment the hierarchical part begins with a double forward slash (“//”), followed by an authority part. In some embodiment, the hierarchical part contains path information locating a resource on the network. In another embodiment, the authority part includes a hostname. In still another embodiment, the authority part includes an optional user information part terminated with “@” (e.g. username:password@). In one embodiment, the query part comprises information that is not hierarchical in nature. In another embodiment, the fragment part includes additional identifying information which allows indirect identification of a secondary resource.

The appliance 200 may intercept the URL request 801 and pass the request to the SSL VPN module 280. In one embodiment, the SSL VPN module 280, in communication with the policy engine 236, decides whether to rewrite the URL or not. In some embodiments, the URL rewrite policies can be configured to provide a desired granularity. In one of these embodiments with a finer level of granularity, the SSN VPN module 280 decides whether the client 102 requesting access to the SSL VPN be granted clientless access or client based access in response to a policy provided by the policy engine 236. In some embodiments, the SSN VPN module decides on the clientless access or client based access based on one or more conditions of the policies 805 or 410. In one of these embodiments, the client 102 may be a machine not allowing the user to download the SSL VPN client. In another of these embodiments, the client 102 is a device that does not support the SSL VPN client but is enabled to run a SSL enabled browser. In still another of these embodiments, the SSL VPN module 280 may perform end point scanning to determine that the client 102 does not support client based policies 410 based on one or more of the following: incompatible operating system, firewall and anti-virus software.

In some embodiments, the appliance 200 identifies a policy based on any portion of the request 801. A request 801 may comprise a portion that indicates or helps indicate the policy the appliance 200 will identify or choose. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 identifies a policy based on a header of the network packet. In other embodiments, the appliance 200 identifies a policy based on a payload portion of the network packet. In still other embodiments, the appliance 200 identifies a policy based on another policy. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 may act as a transparent proxy based on an identified policy. In some embodiments the appliance 200 switches between policies to grant clientless or client based access depending on a security condition of the network. By way of example, in one embodiment, the appliance 200 may identify a policy to grant clientless access if a presence of an antivirus software or firewall is not detected, but switch to the client based mode once the antivirus software or firewall is detected to be operational.

The appliance 200 may identify a policy based on any detail, information or indication from the request. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 identifies a policy based on the user on the client 102 that has sent the request. For example, a user may be designated to use a clientless SSL VPN session instead of client based SSL VPN sessions, or vice versa. In further embodiments, the appliance 200 identifies a policy based on the application, the resource or the service the client 102 has requested from the server 106. For example, some applications are accessed by the clients using only client based or clientless SSL VPN sessions. In further embodiments, the appliance 200 identifies a policy based on an information about the client 102. The information about the client may comprise a history of client's interactions with the server 106 or related servers, permissions for the client to access specific resources on the server 106, client's authentication to access specific resources on the server 106 or any other client to server interaction related information. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 identifies a policy based on the server 106 the client 102 is accessing. For example, some servers may use or provide client based SSL VPN sessions, while other may use or provide clientless SSL VPN sessions. In some embodiments, identification of a policy is based on any portion of a network packet associated with the request 801. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 identifies a policy based on one or more Regular Expressions, or RegExs. In further embodiments, the client's request is matched with, or compared against any number of RegExs that may include any number of characters, strings, portions of text or portions of URLs for identifying policies or identifying specific URLs or portions of the request. Based on the results of the matching or comparisons between the portions of the request from the client and RegExs, the appliance 200 may identify the policy.

In one embodiment, the clientless policies 805 may be configured to provide a desired level of granularity. In one embodiment, the clientless policies 805 may be configured based on a user profile. In another embodiment, the policies 805 may be configured based on a user or a group of users. In some embodiments, the policies may be configured based on one or more of a network type, IP address and request type. In some embodiments, the policies 805 are configured based on an application, resource or service being requested or being accessed by the client. In further embodiments, the policies 805 are configured based on other policies. In other embodiments, a plurality of policies may be logically grouped together.

In one embodiment, the configuring is done through an application programming interface (API) such as AppFW 290 also referred to as AppSecure. In other embodiments, command line interface (CLI) commands are used to configure clientless policies 805 of SSL VPN. In one of these embodiments, a CLI command such as the following is used to configure the clientless SSL VPN globally:

-   -   set vpn parameter -ClientLessVpnMode on         In another of these embodiments, the clientless SSL VPN provides         a finer granularity via a session action. In one embodiment, the         following CLI command can be used to enable the clientless SSL         VPN in a session action:     -   add vpn session action <actionname> -ClientLessVpnMode on

In some embodiments, the clientless SSL VPN policies 805 are configured to specify a URL encoding mechanism. In one of these embodiments, the clientless policies 805 are configured to specify a URL encoding mechanism at the global level using the following CLI command:

-   -   set vpn param -ClientLessModeUrlEncoding         (opaque|transparent|encrypt)         In one embodiment, the ‘opaque’ mode involves encoding of the         hostname portion of the URL such that the user does not see the         hostname in clear text. In another embodiment, the ‘transparent’         mode involves no encoding such that the user can see which host         is being accessed. In still another embodiment, the user can see         both the hostname and the path information of the URL in the         ‘transparent’ mode. In yet another embodiment, the ‘encrypt’         mode involves encryption of one or more portion of the URL. In         one embodiment, the hostname and the path information are         encrypted in the ‘encrypt’ mode. In another embodiment, the         encryption is done using a session key of a symmetric encryption         mechanism. In still other embodiments, the encryption can be         done using a plurality of encryption mechanism as apparent to         one skilled in the art.

In some embodiments, the URL encoding mechanism is specific to a session policy. In one of these embodiments, the URL encoding mechanism may be configured specific to a user. In another of these embodiments, the URL encoding mechanism may be configured specific to a group. In still another of these embodiments, the URL encoding mechanism can be configured specific to a virtual server (vserver). In one embodiment, the URL can be configured specific to a session policy as a parameter in the session policy's action. This may be achieved using a CLI command such as:

-   -   add vpn session action <action name> -ClientLessModeUrlEncoding         (opaque|transparent|encrypt)

In some embodiments, finer granularity is provided in clientless SSL VPN with the clientless policies 805 using one or more access profiles 815. In one embodiment, an access profile 815 includes rewrite labels to instruct the rewriter 830 about rewriting policies. Rewrite policies may include instructions to rewrite or modify each URL from within the content or transmission of the server 106 or the client 102 traversing the appliance 200. For example, a rewrite policy for a specific URL may provide instructions to rewrite, overwrite, modify or add any portion of the URL from the content of the client 102 or server 106. In some embodiments, a rewrite policy may provide instructions to exclude or cut out any portion of the URL from the content of the client 102 or server 106. In another embodiment, the access profile 815 includes a pattern class (referred to as patclass) for detecting URLs. In still another embodiment, the patclasses are comprised of, or include Regular Expressions (RegEx). Regular Expressions may include any combination of characters, numbers and symbols to be used for detecting one or more URLs traversing the appliance 200. In some embodiments, RegEx includes one or more portions or sections of URLs or parts of the URLs to be used for detecting one or more specific URLs within the content sent to the client 102 by the server 106. In further embodiments, Regular Expressions include text, scripts, characters and numbers used for matching against or detecting one or more URLs within specific types of content. The content may be any type and form of content provided by the server 106 to the client in response to the request of the client 102. In yet another embodiment, the RegEx comprises a set of key combinations to facilitate a variety of control over search strings for URLs. In another embodiment, the access profile 815 includes one or more patclasses containing names of cookies to be passed to the client. In one embodiment, the access profile can be created using a CLI command such as the following:

set vpn clientlessAccessProfile <profileName>

-   -   [-URLRewritePolicyLabel <string>]     -   [-JavaScriptRewritePolicyLabel <string>]     -   [-ReqHdrRewritePolicyLabel <string>]     -   [-ResHdrRewritePolicyLabel <string>]     -   [-RegexForFindingURLinJavaScript <string>]     -   [-RegexForFindingURLinCSS <string>]     -   [-RegexForFindingURLinXComponent <string>]     -   [-RegexForFindingURLinXML <string>] [-ClientConsumedCookies         <string>]         In another embodiment, the access profile 815 is linked to the         clientless access policies 805 to provide fine granularity. In         still another embodiment, the clientless access policy 805 is         linked to the access profile 815 using a CLI command such as the         following:     -   add vpn clientlessAccessPolicy <policyName> <rule>         <vpnclientlessAccessProfile>         The access policy 815 selects the access profile 815 if the rule         evaluates to TRUE.

In some embodiments, the access profile 815 is associated with one or more of a plurality of applications 820 a-820 n (in general referred to as applications 820). For example, access profiles 815 may be configured to a predetermined application 820. In one embodiment, there may be one global access profile configured for a group of applications 820. In another embodiment each application 820 may have a separate access profile 815 associated with it. In still another embodiment, an access profile 815 associated with an application 820 a is used for all versions of the application 820 a. In yet another embodiment, there may be separate access profiles associated with each version of an application 820 a. In some embodiments there may be one or more access profile 815 associated with another access profile 815. In other embodiments access profiles could be specific to one or more of a user, an application, a group of user and a group of applications. In still other embodiments, access profiles 815 may be configured according to a desired granularity level as apparent to one skilled in the art.

In one embodiment, the application 820 is an email application including but not limited to Outlook Web Access (OWA) 2003 and OWA 2007 manufactured by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. In another embodiment, the application 820 can be a document management platform such as Sharepoint 2007 manufactured by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. In still other embodiments, the application 820 can be any other software or program as apparent to one skilled in the art. In FIG. 4, all the applications 820 are shown to be executing on the server 106. In other embodiments, the applications 820 may be executing on different servers. In still other embodiments, the applications 820 may be executing on one or more servers of a logically grouped server farm.

In some embodiments, the SSL VPN clientless policies 805 are bound to one or more VPN entities. In one embodiment, the clientless policies 805 is bound to VPN global. In another embodiment, the clientless policies 805 are bound to a VPN vserver. In still another embodiment the clientless policies 805 are bound to a user of Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) protocol. In yet another embodiment, the clientless policies 805 are bound to a AAA group. In some embodiments, the clientless policies 805 are bound to a VPN entity using a CLI command such as the following:

-   -   bind <entity> -policy <clientlessAccesspolicyName> -priority         <pri>

In one embodiment, the SSL VPN module 280 communicates with the URL rewriter 830 to inform the URL rewriter 830 about rewrite policies obtained from the policy engine 236. In another embodiment, the URL rewriter directly communicates with the policy engine 236 to obtain rewrite policies. The rewrite policies may include instructions or directions to transform, modify or overwrite any specific URL transmitted by the server 106 or the client 102. In some embodiments, the rewrite policies provide instructions or directions to modify or rewrite a specific URL into another URL. The modifications, changes or transformations may include any combination of rewriting, overwriting, cutting and pasting, encrypting, replacing or otherwise transforming a specific URL, or any portion of the specific URL. In some embodiments, the rewriter 830 rewrites the URL in the request 801 and forwards the modified URL to the server 106. In one embodiment, the rewriter 830 rewrites the whole URL except the extension type of a file in order to allow a browser to derive the MIME type. In another embodiment, the rewriter 830 rewrites the hostname to make the hostname a sub-directory under the SSL VPN site. In still another embodiment, the rewriter rewrites the absolute URL keeping the relative URLs unchanged. In yet another embodiment, the rewriter 830 rewrites the hostname and the relative URLs. The rewriter 830 can do the rewriting in one or more of a plurality of ways. In one embodiment, the rewriter 830 encodes a URL such as http://www.unencoded_url.com under a SSL VPN site such as http://www.sslvpn.com as http://www.sslvpn.com/9oatj. In another embodiment, the rewriter 830 uses some session key to symmetrically encrypt and decrypt the URL. Such encryption of URL is referred to as obfuscation. In one embodiment, the file extension type and/or the SSL VPN hostname is not encrypted by the rewriter 830. In another embodiment, the rewriter 830 encrypts the path information to shield the directory structure at the server. In one embodiment the key used for encryption and decryption is provided by the SSL VPN module. In another embodiment, the key is derived using a session id. By way of example, a URL http://www.unencoded_url.com/testsite/contents/file5.html is encrypted to another URL such as: https://svpn.mysite.com/EURL/whhyghfgdyonfdnv9898aaf.html. In one embodiment, a known encoding and decoding scheme may be used in order to facilitate bookmarking the URL for future SSL VPN sessions. In another embodiment, the rewriter 830 rewrites an original URL for a SSL VPN site using a reversible transformation. In such an embodiment, the original URL can be easily extracted from the rewritten URL. By way of example, a URL http://www.xyz.com/htmil/index.html may be rewritten as the URL: /cvpn/http/www.xyz.com/html/index.html.

The intermediary 200 may apply any of the access profiles, policies, rules and actions to any level of granularity of portions or subsets of network traffic traversing the intermediary 200. The level of granularity may range from fine to coarse based on the configuration. The logic, criteria or conditions of rules of access profiles, rules and policies described herein may be defined or specified to apply to any desired subset or portion of network traffic or transmissions transmitted via the appliance 200. In one aspect, the level of granularity refers to a degree, measurement, fineness or coarseness of portions of network traffic to which the configuration may apply. In very broad or coarse granularity of configuration, an access profile, rule or a policy may apply to all network traffic. In a very fine granularity configuration, an access profile or policy may apply to a specific subset of network traffic of a particular user, such a traffic or portions of traffic of a particular application of a particular user. In some granularity configurations, an access profile, policy or a rule applies to any client 102 sending a request to a server. The policy, rule or access profile may be defined to address, or apply to any client 102, and may be based on any configuration of the client 102 or information relating the client 102, such as for example a portion the client 102 request. Similarly, the policy, rule or access profile may be defined to address, or apply to any server 106, and may be based on any configuration of the client 106 or information relating the server 106, such as for example a portion the server 106 response. In some granularity configurations, an access profile, policy or a rule is defined to apply to a specific session or connection the client 102 is using to connect to the server 106, via the appliance 200.

In further embodiments, an access profile, policy or a rule is defined to apply to any client 102 the is connected via SSL VPN session or connection. In further embodiments, an access profile, policy or a rule is defined to apply to any client 102 that is connected via clientless SSL VPN session or connection. In still further embodiments, an access profile, policy or a rule is defined to apply to any client 102 that is connected to via client based SSL VPN session or connection. In still further embodiments, an access profile, policy or a rule is defined to apply to any client 102 or client session that sends a request to a particular server 106. In yet further embodiments, an access profile, policy or a rule is defined to apply to any client 102 or client session that requests a particular application or a resource on the server. In further embodiments, an access profile, policy or a rule is defined to apply to any client 102 or client session based on the cookie configuration, for example if the cookies are enabled or disabled. In still further embodiments, an access profile, policy or a rule is defined to apply to any client 102 or client session that sends a request that includes a particular URL, or a portion of a particular URL. In yet further embodiments, an access profile, policy or a rule is defined to apply to any client 102 or client session based on a match between a portion of the request sent by the client 102 and a phrase or a key of the access profile, policy or the rule. In some embodiments, an access profile, policy or a rule is defined to apply to any server 106 or a server session based on an information relating a client 102 accessing the server 106. Such information may include a portion or feature of the request of the client 102, a setting or configuration of the client 102, or any other client 102 related information. In some embodiments, an access profile, policy or a rule is defined to apply to any server 106 or server session based on the configuration of the server 106 or the features of the content that the server 106 is transmitting to the client 102.

Referring now to FIG. 9, a flow diagram depicting the steps of an embodiment of a method 900 taken at the appliance 200 to perform URL rewriting is shown. The appliance 200 receives (step 910) URL request from a browser on a client. A SSL VPN module 280 residing on the appliance 200 decides (step 915) via policy whether to provide clientless or client based access to the SSL VPN. The policy engine 236 further determines (step 920) if there is an access profile 815 associated with the request. The URL rewriter 830 residing on the appliance 200 rewrites (step 925) URLs responsive to the access profile and/or policies. The appliance 200 forwards (step 930) the modified request to the server 106.

In one embodiment, the appliance 200 receives (step 910) the URL request from a client over a network 104. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 may reside on the client machine 102. In one embodiment, the client's request, such as the request 801, is received at the appliance 200 in response to a user accessing a portal page provided by the appliance 200. The request may include any type and form of content. In some embodiments, the URL request includes any number of URLs. In further embodiments, the URL request includes information about the user on the client 102. In still further embodiments, the URL request includes information about the client 102, such as security level of client's network connection, security features of the client, user features or any other type and form of information relating the client. In further embodiments, the URL request includes information about the server 106 from whom the client 102 is requesting access to information, service or resources.

The appliance 200 may determine (step 915) via policy provided by a policy engine 236 whether to provide clientless or client based access to SSL VPN. The clientless or client based SSL VPN session may be a session between the client 102 and server 106 via appliance 200, between a client 102 and appliance 200, or between appliance 200 and server 106. In one embodiment, the clientless policies 805 provided by the policy engine 236 are configurable. In one embodiment, the client based policies 410 provided by the policy engine 236 are configurable. In another embodiment, the policy determining whether to give clientless or client based access can also be configured. In one embodiment, the determination can be done based on a part of the request 801. In another embodiment, the determination to provide clientless access is done if the client does not have permission or resources to support client based access. In still another embodiment, the appliance always determines to provide clientless access. In yet another embodiment, the determination between clientless and client based access is done based on one or more of the following: a network packet of the request 801, a network condition, operating system of the client and version thereof, a firewall, anti virus software running on the client and the browser of the client. In some embodiments, appliance 200 identifies a session policy that indicates whether to establish a client based or clientless SSL VPN session based on the application requested by the client 102. In further embodiments, the appliance identifies a session policy that indicates whether to establish a client based or clientless SSL VPN session based on a URL from the request of the client 102. The URL used for identifying the session policy may be detected and identified by an access profile 815, or RegEx of an access profile 815. In some embodiments, appliance 200 identifies a session policy that indicates whether to establish a client based or clientless SSL VPN session based on the user on the client 102. The user on the client 102 may have special privileges or constraints that appliance 200 recognizes and identifies for the user a session policy for client based or via clientless SSL VPN sessions depending on such configuration. In some embodiments, appliance 200 identifies a session policy that indicates whether to establish a client based or clientless SSL VPN session based on an information relating the client 102. In some embodiments, the information may include identification of the client 102, such as an internet protocol (IP) address, a hostname, a name of the network via which the client 102 sends the request, a name of the client 102's internet provider, or any other client 102 related information. In some embodiments, appliance 200 identifies a session policy that indicates whether to establish a client based or clientless SSL VPN session based on the server identified by the request of the client 102. In yet further embodiments, appliance 200 identifies a session policy that indicates whether to establish a client based or clientless SSL VPN session based on a type of the resource or service of the server 106 requested by the client 102. In still further embodiments, appliance 200 identifies a session policy that indicates whether to establish a client based or clientless SSL VPN session based on the specific resource or service of the server 106 requested by the client 102.

In some embodiments, an access profile 815 is associated with the request 801. In one embodiment, the policy engine 236 determines (step 920) which access profile should be invoked for a request 801. The access profile 815 may be invoked based on the identification of the session policy or based on the request of the client 102. In one embodiment, the determination is based on a part of the request 801. For example, the appliance 200 determines from a header and/or a portion of a body of the request the policy 805 or 410 to use and/or the access profiles 815 to use. In some embodiments, an access profile 815 is identified based on a RegEx of the access profile 815. In further embodiments, a RegEx of an access profile 815 is matched to a URL or a portion of the URL from the client's request, and in response to the match, the access profile 815 of the matched RegEx is identified. In another embodiment, determination of the access profile is based on the application 820 requested by the URL request 801. In still another embodiment, the policy engine determines to invoke more than one access profiles 815 for a request 801. In one embodiment, the access profile 815 provides rewrite policies to the rewriter 830. In another embodiment, the access profile provides policies of parsing the request to detect URLs. In some embodiments, there is an in-built default profile. In one of these embodiments, the default profile is selected if the access policies do not select any other profile.

In one embodiment, the URL rewriter residing on the appliance 200 rewrites (step 925) URLs as dictated by the policy engine. In another embodiment, the rewrite policies are present in the access profiles 815. The rewrite policy may be a part of an access profile 815 that is identified by matching a RegEx to URL or a portion of the URL of the client's request. In still another embodiment, rewrite policies are present in the policy engine as a separate entity. In some embodiments, rewrite policies specify what type of content is to be rewritten. The content type may be generally referred to as transform type. In one embodiment, the transform type is a URL. In another embodiment, the transform type is text. In still another embodiment, the transform type is a http request (http_req). In yet another embodiment, the transform type is a http response (http_res). In one embodiment, rewrite policies can be added to existing ones using a CLI command such as the following:

-   -   add rewrite policylabel <labelName> <transform>         In another embodiment, rewrite actions can be specified with         more granularity using a CLI command such as the following:     -   add rewrite action <action-name>         clientless_vpn_encode/clientless_vpn_decode/clientless_vpn_encode_all/clientless_vpn_decode_all         <target>

The appliance 200 forwards (step 930) the modified request to the server 106. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 forwards the modified request to the server 106 over a network 104′ which may or may not be substantially same as the network 104 between the client and the appliance. In another embodiment, the appliance 200 forwards the modified request via one or more intermediate appliances 200′ (not shown).

Referring now to FIG. 10, a block diagram depicting embodiments of a server response and a modified server response transmitted from a server to a client through an appliance is shown. In brief overview, a server response 1001 is transmitted from the server 106 to the appliance 200 via a network 104′. The appliance 200 modifies the server response 1001 by rewriting URLs in the server response 1001. A modified response 1001′ is then transmitted to the client 102 via a network 104.

The server response 1001 is transmitted from the server 106 responsive to the server 106 receiving the modified request 801′ (not shown) from the appliance 200. The server response 1001 may be any response to any client 102 transmission or request. In some embodiments, server response 1001 is a response to request 801. The server response 1001 may comprise one or more of the following resources: static images, animated images, audio files and video files. In one of these embodiments, the static image is a raster graphic format such as GIF, JPEG or PNG. In another of these embodiments, the static image is a vector format such as SVG Flash. In still another embodiment, the animated image is an animated GIF image, a Java applet or a Shockwave image. In yet another embodiment, the audio file may be of one of a plurality of formats including MIDI, WAV, M3U and MP3. In another embodiment, the video file may be of one of a plurality of formats including WMV, RM, FLV, MPG and MOV. In one embodiment, the server response 1001 may comprise interactive text, illustrations and buttons. In some embodiments the one or more resources of the server response 1001 are identified by URLs. In one embodiment, on or more URLs 1005 is created using a markup language such as XML, HTML or XHTML. In another embodiment, one or more URLs 1010 in the server response 1001 comprises a cascading style sheet (CSS) and metadata. In still another embodiment, one or more URLs 1020 in the server response 1001 comprises a script such as JavaScript or AJAX. In yet another embodiment, one or more URLs (1015) in the server response 1001 comprises components (Xcomponents) written using an user interface (UI) language.

The appliance 200 identifies the various URLs 1005, 1010, 1015, 1020 in the server response 1001 and rewrites, modifies or transforms the URLs in accordance to rewrite policies specified by the policy engine 236 such as via the access profile. The various URLs in the server response 1001 may be identified or detected using Regular Expressions that may be matched to the portions of any of the various URLs. In one embodiment, the modified server response 1001′ is then transmitted to the client 102 over the network 104. In another embodiment, the modified server response 1001′ comprises URL 1005′ created by modifying the markup language URL 1005. In still another embodiment, the modified server response 1001′ comprises URL 1010′ created by modifying the CSS URL 1010. In yet another embodiment, the modified response 1001′ includes a URL 1015′ created by modifying the Xcomponent URL 1015. In another embodiment, the modified response 1001′ includes a URL 1020′ created by rewriting a JavaScript URL 1020. In other embodiments, the modified response may include other components, script and objects as apparent to one skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 may inject content not present in the server response 1001 into the modified response 1001′. In another embodiment, the modified response 1001′ may be substantially same as the server response 1001.

Referring now to FIG. 11, a flow diagram depicting steps of an embodiment of a method for modifying or rewriting one or more URLs on a server response, by an appliance, is illustrated. The appliance 200 receives (step 1110) the server response 1001. The policy engine determines (step 1115) the types of content present in the server response 1001 and determines via access profiles 815 how to detect URLs in the content. The policy engine further determines (step 1120) via access profile how to rewrite the URLs. The rewriter 830 rewrites (step 1125) URLs and the appliance 200 forwards (step 1130) modified response to the client 102.

In one embodiment, the server response 1001 comprises different types of contents. In one embodiment, the server response includes contents created using a mark up language such as Extensible Markup Language (XML), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) or Extensible HTML (XHTML). In another embodiment, the server response 1001 includes a cascading style sheet (CSS) and metadata. In still another embodiment, the server response 1001 includes a script such as JavaScript or AJAX. In yet another embodiment, the server response 1001 comprises components (Xcomponents) written using an user interface (UI) language. In other embodiments, the server response may comprise files, objects, images, videos and interactive contents as apparent to one skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the server response 1001 includes a server provided application requested by the client 102. In further embodiments, the server response 1001 includes any resource or service requested by the client 102.

In one embodiment, the server response 1001 is received (step 1110) at the appliance over a network 104′. In another embodiment, the server response 1001 comprises one or more resources identified by one or more URLs. The server response may include one or more of a plurality of resources as described in details with reference to FIG. 6.

The appliance 200, in communication with the policy engine 236, determines (step 1115) the type of content present in the response 1001. In one embodiment, the determination is done by parsing the response and detecting the presence of a type of content. In another embodiment, the determination is done by matching a search string pattern class (patclass) with the response 1001. In one embodiment, the appliance 200 detects the presence of embedded URLs in the determined content types. In another embodiment, URL detection is done via a set of key combinations known as Regular Expressions (RegEx) to facilitate variety of control over the search string. In some embodiments, the RegEx are embedded inside the clientless access profile 815. RegEx may include any combination of any characters, numbers and symbols that may be used for matching with any section of server content to detect or identify one or more URLs. In one embodiment, the access profile 815 comprises a RegEx for detecting URL in JavaScript. In another embodiment, the access profile 815 comprises a RegEx for detecting URL in CSS. In still another embodiment, the access profile 815 comprises a RegEx for detecting URL in an Xcomponent. In yet another embodiment, the access profile 815 includes a RegEx for detecting URL in a markup language such as XML. Access profile 815 may include one or more RegEx and rewrite policies for detecting or identifying specific URLs and rewriting or modifying the identified specific URLs. In one embodiment a RegEx can be specified inside an access profile 815 using a CLI command such as the following:

-   -   [-RegexForFindingURLinJavaScript <string>]         In some embodiments, the user may define rules to detect URLs in         contents not identified by the appliance. In other embodiments,         the user may specify a RegEx to detect URL within an identified         content type.

The rewriter 830 may rewrite the detected or identified URLs (step 1125) in accordance to a policy specified by the policy engine 236. In some embodiments, the rewriter 830 uses one or more rewrite policies from the access profile 815 to rewrite the URLs detected or identified via RegExs from access profiles 815. In one embodiment, the rewrite policy is embedded in an access profile 815. In another embodiment, a rewrite policy for the response may be different from a rewrite policy for the request. In still another embodiment, the rewrite policies for the response and the request may be substantially same. In yet another embodiment, the body of the response 1001 is parsed by an application programming interface such as AppFW 290. In one embodiment, the policies governing the rewrite are added to the policy engine 236 by using a CLI command such as the following:

-   -   Add rewrite PolicyLabel <string>]         In another embodiment, the policy engine specifies to the         rewriter 830 to pass certain URLs without rewriting. In still         another embodiment fine granularity can be provided by logically         grouping a plurality of conditions in a rewrite policy. By way         of example, a fine grained rewrite policy may be represented by         a CLI command such as the following:     -   add rewrite policy ns_cvpn_default_abs_url_pol         ‘(url.startswith(“http://”)∥url.startswith(“https://”)) &&         !url.hostname.server.startswith(“schemas.”) &&         !url.hostname.domain.contains_any(“ns_cvpn_default_bypass_domain”)’         ns_cvpn_default_url_encode_act

In this example, the policy ns_cvpn_default_abs_url_pol is used to rewrite all the absolute URLs in which server name is not “schemas” and domain does not match with any of the domains specified in ns_cvpn_default_bypass_domain patclass. In some embodiments, rewriting is performed at the client 102. In one of these embodiments, the appliance 200 inserts JavaScript code in the modified response 1001′ to be executed at the client 102′. In another of these embodiments, client side rewriting is invoked for parts of the response that the appliance 200 cannot recognize as URL. In still other embodiments, the rewrite policies can be configured to handle compressed content in the server response 1001.

Some CLI commands are described next by way of examples. In one embodiment, an administrator can specify how to identify an application such as OWA 2007 using a CLI command such as the following:

-   -   add vpn clientlessAccessPolicy owa_2007_pol     -   ‘http.req.url.path.get(1).eq(“owa2007”)’ ns_cvpn_owa_profile         In another embodiment, this policy can be activated globally by         binding it to vpn global using a CLI command such as the         following:     -   bind vpn global -policy owa_2007_pol -priority 10

In one embodiment, there will be an in-built profile ns_cvpn_owa_profile for Outlook Web Access and same profile will work for OWA 2003 & OWA 2007. In another embodiment, there will be a default clientless access policy ns_cvpn_owa_policy which will select the OWA profile if default URLs (/exchange, /owa, /exchweb & /public) are used to provide Outlook Web Access. In still another embodiment, there will be an in-built generic profile for clientless access ns_cvpn_default_profile, this profile will be selected if none of the other clientless access policies select any other profile. This default profile will enable clientless access to any website which uses standard HTML and does not create URLs using JavaScript.

The appliance 200 may forward (step 1130) the modified response 1001′ to the client 102. In some embodiments, appliance 200 forwards any number of modified responses 1001′ to any number of clients 102. In further embodiments, appliance 200 forwards server response 1001 to the client. In still further embodiments, appliance 200 forwards to the client 102 the modified response 1001′ which was modified or transformed to include all of the content of the server response 1001 with changes or modifications to the specific URLs, such as URLs 1005, 1010, 1015 and 1020, for example. The content of the modified response 1001′ may include any portions of the response 1001 along with modified URLs which were identified or detected using one or more RegExs and modified or rewritten using rewrite policies of the access profiles 815.

I. Systems and Methods of Accessing Applications Hosted on a Server Via an Intermediary

An enterprise may host various applications on the cloud and at a centralized datacenter to serve a variety of clients across a network. Hosting in this manner may lead to a hybrid deployment of both public and private clouds as well on premise datacenters. As a result, these applications may depend on shared services, such as directories and databases, on the cloud and/or the datacenter. To gain access to the application, the client may authenticate multiple, successive times, once for the application and then once for the on premise datacenter. Such an application may include a software-as-a-service (SaaS) application. Software-as-a-service may be a software licensing and delivery model in which software is centrally hosted and is licensed to customers (e.g. enterprises) on a subscription basis. An enterprise may subscribe for a SaaS application with its vendor to provide access of the application to its end users.

To provide seamless remote access for the applications hosted on the cloud (e.g., SaaS application) and on premise datacenters through a single, unified portal, an enterprise may deploy an intermediary device (e.g., a network gateway or a service node, etc.) to act as a bridge between the cloud-hosted application and the datacenter-hosted applications. In such environments, the client may authenticate at the intermediary device. The intermediary device in turn may verify the provided credentials with the authentication service of the enterprise. After a successful authentication, the intermediary device may consolidate all the cloud-hosted and datacenter-hosted applications that the enterprise administrators may have for the client. The intermediary device may then present the cloud-hosted and datacenter-hosted applications (e.g., using web links) to the user of the client in a single unified portal. In this manner, the user of the client may access the applications from the portal without authenticating or logging in for each application. Acting as the provider, the device may perform a single sign-on for each application (e.g., on the user's behalf) and may federate the identity via authentication protocols, such as security assertion mark-up language (SAML) assertions. For data traffic flow, the intermediary device may act as a secure socket layer virtual private network (SSL VPN) server for the applications provided by the datacenter through a private network of the enterprise. In addition, the intermediary device may act as a transparent proxy server for cloud-hosted applications.

In this schema, the intermediary device may consolidate cloud-hosted applications and datacenter-hosted applications of an enterprise in a single unified portal and may perform a single sign-on for each application of the enterprise. One situation arising from this schema may include proxying and tunneling network data traffic for the applications through the intermediary device after the single sign-on without an agent installed on the client (e.g., native client component or VPN plug, etc.). As a result, clients without such agents may be unable to access web applications through a web browser for seamless access to such applications. Furthermore, certain types of client devices (e.g., mobile devices) may not be configured to have a VPN plug-in.

The intermediary device may be configured to redirect the web browser operating on the client to be redirected to a direct web link of the application. The direct web link may allow all further network traffic flow for the application to bypass the intermediary device, such that the flow may be between the client and the server. This configuration may allow the client to access cloud-based applications, as such applications may be directly accessible over a public Internet protocol (IP) address without the intermediary device proxying the data traffic. Having the traffic flow directly between the client to the server as opposed to through the intermediary device may present certain disadvantages, such as: the loss of providing security and visibility to the enterprise from packet inspection, outlier detection, and traffic logging; and the loss of obtaining various statistics, usage patterns, and security parameters regarding the data traffic to the enterprise. This schema may also allow the intermediary device to act as a Cloud Access Security Broker (CASB) that may operate as a central authorization and policy enforcement point to provide access to SaaS-based applications for the user of the client. In this manner, deployment of a CASB or other security mechanism at the server hosting an SaaS-based application may be eliminated.

In the absence of an agent installed at the client, the URLs present in the HTTP requests and responses may be dynamically rewritten to direct the data flow for the application through the intermediary device. Without rewriting the URLs to reference the intermediary device, the data flow may end up going directly to the cloud server hosting the application. As such, any clicks on the web links provided to the user of the client may result in the request going to the cloud server, bypassing the intermediary device.

To further address these and potential issues, the present systems and methods may leverage wildcard domain name system (DNS) entries and/or wildcard secure socket layer (SSL) certificates to achieve transparent proxying of applications hosted at the server. The user of the client may be provided with a webpage including a link to the resource. The link may include an absolute URL to the particular resource or service of the application. The absolute URL may include the domain name of the intermediary device followed by the domain name of the server. Upon the user clicking the link, the client in turn may send a HTTP request. The intermediary device may identify the absolute URL present in a HTTP request from the client for an application hosted at the server. From the identified absolute URL, the intermediary device may extract the domain name of the server hosting requested application. The intermediary device may generate an encoding for the domain name of the server hosting requested application, and store a mapping between the generated encoding and the original domain name for the server. The intermediary device may then generate an HTTP redirect response with a rewritten absolute URL to transmit to the client. The rewritten URL may include a domain name of the intermediary device prefixed with the encoding for the domain name of the server. The DNS server for the client may be configured with a DNS entry with the hostname for the device and a wildcard, such that the DNS server resolves any subsequent requests with the rewritten URL to land on the device.

Upon receiving the HTTP redirect response, the client may be redirected to the URL indicated in the response, and may generate a second HTTP request to transmit to the intermediary device. The HTTP request may include the rewritten absolute URL. As the rewritten absolute URL includes the domain name of the intermediary device, the HTTP request may land on the intermediary device, as opposed to directly on the server hosting the server. Prior to forwarding the request to the server hosting the resource, the intermediary device may fetch the mapping for the encoding to identify the original domain name of the server hosting requested application. The intermediary device may rewrite the absolute URL included in the HTTP request by replacing the prefixed encoding and the domain name for the intermediary device with the original domain name for the server, so as to direct the HTTP request to the server hosting the requested application. The device may perform a sign-on for the client, thereby eliminating duplicative authentications with the server. Once authenticated, the device may forward the HTTP request with the rewritten request. For a subsequent HTTP request with a relative URL, the intermediary device may maintain the relative URL, as the host header in the request includes the domain name of the device, so as to direct the request to the device.

Referring now to FIG. 12A, one embodiment of a system 1200 a for of a system for providing access to an application hosted on a server via an intermediary (e.g., for a clientless session). In brief summary, the system 1200 a may include a plurality of client devices 102 a-n, an appliance 200, and a plurality of servers 106 a-n. The appliance 200 may be an intermediary device deployed or residing between the at least one client device 102 a-n and the at least one server 106 a-n. The appliance 200 may include a proxy engine 1202 and a resource database 1240. The appliance 200 may comprise features of any embodiment of the devices 200, described above in connection with at least FIGS. 1A-1D, 2A-2B and 6. Each of the above-mentioned elements or entities is implemented in hardware, or a combination of hardware and software, in one or more embodiments. For instance, each of these elements or entities can include any application, program, library, script, task, service, process or any type and form of executable instructions executing on hardware of the device 200. The hardware includes circuitry such as one or more processors, for example, as described above in connection with at least 1E and 1F, in one or more embodiments.

The systems and methods of the present solution may be implemented in any type and form of device, including clients, servers and appliances 200. As referenced herein, a “server” may sometimes refer to any device in a client-server relationship, e.g., an appliance 200 in a handshake with a client device 102 a-n. The present systems and methods may be implemented in any intermediary device or gateway, such as any embodiments of the appliance or devices 200 described herein. Some portion of the present systems and methods may be implemented as part of a packet processing engine and/or virtual server of an appliance, for instance. The systems and methods may be implemented in any type and form of environment, including multi-core appliances, virtualized environments and/or clustered environments described herein.

Focusing on the appliance 200, the functionalities of the proxy engine 1202 may allow the appliance 200 to act as an identity provider (e.g., as a layer 7 content switch virtual server or a VPN virtual server) for the applications hosted on the servers 106 a-n at the cloud or the datacenter. The proxy engine 1202 may include an authentication engine 1206, a access provider 1208, a request handler 1210, an encoder 1212, a rewriter 1214, and a decoder 1216. The authentication engine 1206 may execute authentication, validation, and/or security processes for data flow for the application hosted by the server 106 a-n accessed by the client 102 a-n. In brief overview, the access provider 1208 may provide a listing of applications and respective addresses available via the proxy engine 1202 to a client 102 a-n and may handle data flow from a server 106 a-n. The request handler 1210 may parse requests received from the client device 102 a-n. The encoder 1212 may generate a unique string for an address of the application and store a mapping of the unique string and the address into the resource database 1204. The rewriter 1214 may use the unique string generated by the encoder 1212 to rewrite the address in the request from the client 102 a-n and may redirect the client 102 a-n using a HTTP message with the rewritten address. The decoder 1216 may rewrite an address in the response from the server 106 a-n based on the previously generated unique string, and forward the response data to the client 102 a-n with the rewritten address.

Prior to or concurrent with providing access to an application hosted by the server 106 a-n to the client 102 a-n, the authentication engine 1206 may provide a log-in portal to the client 102 a-n to initialize, authenticate, or otherwise establish communications between the client 102 a-n and the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the log-in portal may be associated with an identity provider of the appliance 200. Such embodiments may be referred to as “identity provider initiated.” In some embodiments, the log-in portal may be associated with a service provider of the application hosted at the server 106 a-n. The log-in portal may be provided to the client 102 a-n, after the client 102 a-n attempts to access the server 106 a-n directly using a public address of the server 106 a-n. Future communications for the application may be routed through the appliance 200, although the client 102 a-n initially attempted to connect with the server 106 a-n for the application. Such embodiments may be referred to as “service provider initiated.” The log-in portal may include one or more user interface elements for the user of the client 102 a-n to enter log-in information (e.g., account identification, password, etc.).

Using the log-in portal for the identity provider, the user of the client 102 a-n may enter the log-in information to log-in with proxy engine 1202. The authentication engine 1206 may determine whether the log-in information matches previously stored credentials to authenticate the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, authentication engine 1206 may authenticate or verify the log-in information from the client 102 a-n using any number of techniques, such as Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS), and Secure Remote Password Protocol (SRP), Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), Security Assertion Mark-Up Language (SAML) assertion, certificate-based methods, among others. Once successfully authenticated, the authentication engine 1206 may establish a clientless SSL VPN session between appliance 200 and the client 102 a-n (e.g., in accordance with the techniques detailed herein in Sections F-H). If the authentication is not successful, the authentication engine 1206 may allow the user of the client 102 a-n to re-enter log-in information and/or may terminate the communication session between the appliance 200 and the client device 102. In some embodiments, responsive to the successful log-in, the authentication engine 1206 may provide an authentication token (e.g., HTTP cookie) to the client 102 a-n. The authentication engine 1206 may store a device identifier corresponding to the client 102 a-n onto the database 1204.

The access provider 1208 may provide access to the application hosted by the server 106 a-n to the client 102 a-n via a link. The access may be provided via the clientless SSL VPN session established between the client 102 a-n and the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the access provider 1208 may identify the application(s) hosted on the server 106 a-n available for the client 102 a-n, responsive to the authentication engine 1206 successfully authenticating the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, the application may be one subscribed or otherwise requested by the client 102 a-n or published by the access provider 706 or the server 106 a-n as available to the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, the identity provider of the appliance 200 may provide application(s) hosted on the server 106 a-n to the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, the server 106 a-n hosting the application may be associated with a cloud-based service (e.g., third-party cloud service associated with the enterprise). In some embodiments, the server 106 a-n hosting the application may be associated with a data center (e.g., an on premise data center of the enterprise). In some embodiments, the application may be hosted across a server 106 a-n at the datacenter and another server 106 a-n associated with the cloud-based service.

The application hosted on the server 106 a-n may have, include, or otherwise be associated with one or more properties, such as a host type indicator, a single sign-on parameter, and an access parameter. The host type indicator may identify whether the application is cloud-hosted or datacenter-hosted, among others, or any combination thereof. The single sign-on parameter may include a security or validation profile (e.g., security assertion mark-up language (SAML) profile). The single sign-on parameter may be used to authenticate subsequent communications or data flow for the application between the client 102 a-n and the server 106 a-n via the appliance 200. The access parameters may indicate which clients 102 a-n and/or account identifiers associated with the clients 102 a-n are to be permitted to access the application.

Once the access to the application is provided to the client 102 a-n, the link may cause the client device 102 a-n to generate a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request for the application. In some embodiments, the link may be presented in a browser executed on the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, the link may be presented as a user interface element (e.g., hyperlink, command button, image, etc.) on a webpage provided to the browser executed on the client 102 a-n. The webpage may be provided by the identity provider of the appliance 200, as opposed to directly from a service provider associated with the server 106 a-n, and may be served to the client 102 a-n subsequent to the log-in portal.

The link to the application may include an address for the application, such as a Universal Resource Location (URL). The URL for the address for the application may be absolute, in the form “[protocol]://[hostname]/[file pathname]”. The link may include a protocol (e.g., https, hllp, ftp, etc.), a hostname of the appliance 200, a hostname of the server 106 a-n, and one or more parameters. In some embodiments, the link may also include a file pathname (e.g., to a particular webpage or resource of the appliance). The host name of the appliance 200 and the hostname of the server 106 a-n may each be a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). The hostname of the server 106 a-n may be an internet or intranet URL in the network 104′ between the device 200 and the server 106 a-n. The link may, for example, be of the following form:

https://nsg.citrix.com/service-app-url=https://company.service_1.com/homepage.html

https://nsg.citrix.com/service-app-url=https://service_2.com/mysuite/home.html

In the example above, “nsg.citrix.com/” may be the hostname (or domain name or FQDN) pointing to the appliance 200. The string “provider.service_1.com” may be the hostname (or domain name or FQDN) of the server 106 a-n for a first application, and the string “service_2.com” may be the hostname (or domain name or FQDN) of the server 106 a-n for a second application. In addition, the string “/service-app-url=” may be a URL parameter, and can be in some other form, e.g., “/SaaS-app-url=” for indicating a SaaS application. Furthermore, the “/homepage.html” may be a file pathname for the first application and the “/mysuite/home.html” may be a file pathname for the second application or a specific resource or service of the application. Presented with such links, the user of the client 102 a-n may interact with or activate a link to cause the client 102 a-n to generate a HTTP request for the application.

The link may cause the client device 102 a-n to generate a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request for the application. The link may have an activation URL (e.g., “https://nsg.citrix.com/SaaS-app-url=https://company.service_1.com/homepage.html”) that incorporates an address for the application. The address for the application may be an absolute URL. The activation URL may include the protocol, the hostname of the appliance 200, the hostname of the server 106 a-n, and/or one or more parameters. In some embodiments, the address may also include a pathname to the application. The generated HTTP request may include a header field and/or a message body. The header field may include a method for the request (e.g., GET, POST, etc.) with the URL parameter or protocol, the hostname of the server 106 a-n, and the application pathname. The header field may also include a host field including the hostname of the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the header field may also include a session management cookie. The value of the session management cookie may have been previously provided by the authentication engine 1206. The HTTP request may, for example, be of the following form:

GET /service-app-url=https://company.service_1.com/homepage. html    HTTP/1.1 Host: nsg.citrix.com Cookie: Session-Cookie=value GET /service-app-url=https://www.service_2.com/mysuite/home. html   HTTP/1.1 Host: nsg.citrix.com Cookie: Session-Cookie=value Once the HTTP request is generated, the client device 102 a-n may transmit the HTTP request to the appliance 200 (e.g., via a clientless SSL VPN session).

Subsequently, the request handler 1210 may receive the HTTP request generated via the provided link from the client 102 a-n. As the host header field may include the hostname of the appliance 200, the HTTP request transmitted by the client 102 a-n may land on the appliance 200, as opposed to reaching directly to the server 106 a-n hosting the application. In this manner, communications for the application provided by the identity provider may be routed through the appliance 200 to the server 106 a-n. The request handler 708 may parse the HTTP request to identify the header field and/or the message body. From the parsed HTTP request, the request handler 708 may identify the address and the URL parameter included in the request method field. The address may be an absolute URL. The request handler 708 may identify the hostname of the server 106 a-n included in the header field.

Using the hostname of the server 106 a-n identified from the HTTP request, the encoder 1212 may generate a unique string based on one or more encoding schemes. The unique string may be associated with or may correspond to the hostname of the server 106 a-n. The unique string may include a set of alphanumeric characters. In some embodiments, the encoding scheme used by the encoder 1212 may include symmetric key encryption. As the key in the symmetric key encryption may be in possession of the encoder 1212 instead of the other devices in the network 104 or 104′, the encoder 1212 may be able encrypt the hostname of the server 106 a-n and the other devices may not be able to do so. The symmetric key encryption encoding scheme may thus hide the hostnames of servers 106 a-n from other devices in the network 104 or 104′. In some embodiments, the encoding scheme used by the encoder 1212 may include base-32 encoding. Using base-32 encoding, the encoder 1212 may obfuscate the hostnames of the server 106 a-n for the application. Other encoding schemes used by the encoder 1212 may include base-64 encoding, and/or cryptographic hashing (e.g., Secure Hash Algorithm 2, Fast Syndrome Based Hash, Message-Digest Algorithm, Block Cipher, etc.), among others or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the encoder 1212 may limit the unique string to 63 characters or less, in accordance with the Request for Comments (RFC) protocol for domain name systems (DNS). Upon an initial generation of the unique string, the encoder 1212 may identify a length of the generated unique string. The encoder 1212 may compare the identified length to the 63 character limit. If the length is less than or equal to the character limit, the encoder 1212 may maintain the initially generated unique string. On the other hand, if the length of the unique string is greater than the character limit, the encoder 1212 may generate a key-value pair or a hash value by applying a hashing function on the hostname of the server 106 a-n included in the HTTP request. The hashing function may be configured or designed so that the generated key-value pair or the hash value may be shorter than the 63 character limit. The generated key-value pair or hash value may be used as the unique string for the server 106 a-n.

Once the unique string (sometimes referred to as “encoding”) is generated, the encoder 1212 may store or register the generated unique string onto the database 1204. In some embodiments, the encoder 1212 may store or register a mapping of the generated unique string to the hostname of the server 102 a-n for the application on the database 1204. The mapping of the unique string to the hostname of the server 106 a-n may be, for example, in a data structure, such as an array, matrix, table, list, linked list, tree, heap, etc., indexed by the unique string or the hostname of the server 106 a-n. In some embodiments, the encoder 1212 may store the generated unique string and/or keys for the one or more encoding schemes used to generate the unique string (e.g., using a rainbow table) on the database 1204 of application(s) available for access by the client 102 a-n.

In some embodiments, the encoder 1212 may search the database 1204 of resources available for access by the client 102 a-n to compare the generated unique string to other stored or registered unique strings of other resources to determine whether there is a collision (e.g., duplicate and/or inconsistency) between the unique string and any of the other unique strings. In some embodiments, if the generated unique string matches any of the other unique strings, the encoder 1212 may generate another unique string using the one or more encoding schemes to prevent the collision between the unique string corresponding to the resource of the server 106 a-n and any of the other unique strings corresponding to other resources. In some embodiments, if the generated unique string matches any of the other unique strings, the encoder 1212 may generate a supplemental string to add, combine, append, or concatenate to the unique string. The supplemental string may be alphanumeric, and may be randomly generated or be predetermined.

Using the unique string generated by the encoder 1212, the rewriter 1214 may rewrite the absolute URL of the application indicated in the HTTP request. The rewriter 1214 may generate a URL segment by combining (e.g., prepending, appending, interleaving or encoding) the unique string with the hostname of the appliance 200. The rewriter 1214 may rewrite the absolute URL by replacing the hostname of the server 106 a-n in the absolute URL with the generated URL segment. The rewritten absolute URL may be, for example, in the form:

  [protocol]://[encoded hostname of server 106a-n].[hostname of device 200]/[application pathname] where the protocol may refer to the applicable communications protocol, encoded hostname of the server 106 a-n may refer to the unique string generated by the encoder 1212, and the application pathname may refer to remainder of the original absolute URL. For example, the original absolute URL for a resource of the server 106 a-n may have been “http://company.service_1.com/” and the hostname for the appliance 200 may be “nsg.sslvpn.citrix.com”. The request handler 1210 may parse the absolute URL to identify “exchange.intranetdomain.net” as the hostname of the server 106 a-n. The encoder 1212 may have generated “xyz123” as the unique string by applying the one or more encoding schemes to the identified hostname. Using the generated unique string for the hostname of the server 106 a-n, the rewriter 1214 may for example append or concatenate the unique string to the hostname for the appliance 200 to form “xyz123.nsg.sslvpn.citrix.com”. The rewriter 1214 may replace the hostname of the server 106 a-n in the absolute URL with the unique string appended to the hostname of the device 200 to form “http://xyz123.nsg.sslvpn.citrix.com/” followed by the file pathname, thereby eliminating the need to rewrite relative URLs for instance. In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may generate the URL segment by appending the hostname of the device 200 to the unique string separated by a period character (or some other character). In some embodiments, the unique string may exclude any period character.

In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may save, add, update, or otherwise register the hostname corresponding to the appliance 200 as a domain name system (DNS) entry to a DNS server including a wildcard. In some embodiments, the DNS server resolves the rewritten absolute URL using a physical address (e.g., MAC address) or a virtual IP address used for communications via the network 104 between the client 102 a-n and the device 200. For example, the rewriter 1214 may register an expression, such as the string “*.nsg.sslvpn.citrix.com” using the character “*” as the wildcard, as the DNS entry on the DNS server. The DNS server for the client 102 a-n may be configured with the DNS entry including the expression (e.g., the wildcard combined with the hostname of the appliance 200), to cause the DNS server to resolve the rewritten absolute URL to an internet protocol (IP) address of the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the DNS server resolves the rewritten absolute URL using a physical address (e.g., MAC address), an IP address or a virtual IP address of the appliance 200, or used for communications via the network 104 between the client 102 a-n and the appliance 200. For example, the rewritten absolute URLs for various servers 106 a-n may have the hostname of the appliance 200 but different unique strings as prefixes in the URL.

When the client 102 a-n attempts to access any of the resources from the servers 106 a-n identified vis a HTTP response or web page, the DNS server may resolve the rewritten absolute URL (corresponding to a resource being accessed) to an IP address of the device 200 based on the hostname corresponding to the appliance 200 included in the rewritten absolute URL. In this example, any request from the client 102 a-n via a rewritten absolute URL that includes the hostname of the appliance 200 may land on the appliance 200 first (e.g., without having to rewrite the relative URLs). In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may save, add, or otherwise register multiple domain name system (DNS) entries of strings (e.g., regular expression or wild-carded strings) that match with unique strings corresponding to a plurality servers 106 a-n and the hostname of the appliance 200, to the DNS server, using a single SSL certificate for instance. For example, the rewriter 1214 may add “*.nsg.sslvpn.citrix.com”, “abcd1234.nsg.sslvpn.citrix.com”, “xyz123.nsg.sslvpn.com”, “www.nsg.sslvpn.com”, and/or “nsg.sslvpn.com” (without any unique string) to the DNS server using a single SSL certificate.

The rewriter 1214 may generate a HTTP response. The HTTP response may include a status code, one or more header fields (e.g., location), and/or message body. The rewriter 1214 may set one or more header fields in the HTTP response using the rewritten absolute URL of the application. In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may rewrite a location corresponding to the application hosted at the server 106 a-n in the one or more header fields of the HTTP response. For example, if the encoder 1212 generated “xyz123” for the hostname of the server 106 a-n “company.service_1.com,” the rewriter 1214 may generate a HTTP redirection response in the form of:

HTTP/1.1  302 Found Location: https://xyz123.nsg.citrix.com/homepage.html In addition, if the encoder 1212 generated “abcd123” for the hostname of the server 106 a-n “www.service_2.com,” the rewriter 1214 may generate a HTTP redirection response in the form of:

HTTP/1.1  302 Found Location: https://abcd1234.nsg.citrix.com/mysuite/home.html

Once transmitted, the HTTP response may cause the client 102 a-n to be redirected to the rewritten absolute URL. In this manner, in subsequent communications for the application, HTTP requests from the client 102 a-n may be directed at the appliance 200, thereby eliminating the bypassing of the appliance 200.

In some embodiments, the encoder 1212 may re-generate the unique string subsequent to sending the HTTP response with the initial unique string based on the one or more encoding schemes. Newly generated unique strings may improve security by changing the string referencing the server 106 a-n, thereby shielding the identity of the application and of the server 106 a-n from other devices in the network 104 or 104′. In some embodiments, the encoder 1212 may re-generate the unique string, responsive to receiving a HTTP request including the initial unique string. In some embodiments, the encoder 1212 may re-store or register the re-generated unique string onto the database 1204. The encoder 1212 may identify the initially generated unique string in the database 1204. Once identified, the encoder 1212 may replace or overwrite the initially generated unique string with the re-generated unique string.

In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may parse the HTTP response to determine that the HTTP response includes a set-cookie header. The HTTP response may be, for example, from the server 106 a-n associated with the resource that the client 102 a-n may be requesting access. The set-cookie header may specify or indicate state information on the client 102 a-n associated with the HTTP response. The state information may include, for example, a domain value indicating the absolute URL including the hostname of the server 106 a-n and an expiration date specifying when a cookie file is to remain on the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may determine whether the set-cookie header of the HTTP response includes the domain value.

In some embodiments, responsive to determining that the HTTP response does not include the domain value, the rewriter 1214 may maintain the HTTP response for the device 200 to forward to the client 102 a-n. The HTTP response may be, for example, of the following form:

HTTP/1.1  200OK Set-Cookie: ID=1234; Path=/; Expires=Mon, 29 Feb 2016 10:11:12 GMT In this example, the path field of the Set-Cookie header may be empty. The rewriter 1214 may maintain the HTTP response without any modifications for the device 200 to forward the HTTP response to the client 102 a-n.

In some embodiments, responsive to determining that the HTTP response includes the domain value, the rewriter 1214 may remove the domain value in the set-cookie header of the HTTP response. In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may parse the set-cookie header of the HTTP response to identify or extract the domain value from the set-cookie header. For example, the set-cookie header of the HTTP response may include:

HTTP/1.1  200OK Set-Cookie: ID=1234; Domain=blr.mail.intranet.net; Path=/; In this example, the rewriter 1214 may identify that the domain value begins with the set of characters “Domain=” and identify “exampledomain.mail.net” as the domain value. The rewriter 1214 in turn may remove the string “Domain=exampledomain.mail.net” from the set-cookie header to form the following to send to the client:

HTTP/1.1 200OK Set-Cookie: ID=1234; Path=/;

In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may store the removed domain value with a corresponding cookie value. In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may store the removed domain value onto the database 1230 (e.g., look-up table) of resources available for access by the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may generate the corresponding cookie value based on the domain value included in the set-cookie header. For example, the rewriter 1214 may apply a hash function to the domain value to generate the corresponding cookie value. In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may parse the set-cookie header to identify a cookie identifier. In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may set the cookie identifier as the corresponding cookie value. For example, the set-cookie header of the HTTP response may include:

HTTP/1.1  200OK Set-Cookie: ID=1234; Domain=exampledomain.mail.net; Path=/; The rewriter 1214 may parse the set-cookie header to find the set of characters “ID” and set the following set of characters “1234” as the corresponding cookie value.

The client 102 a-n may parse the HTTP response to identify the status code, and may identify the HTTP response as a redirect response. The client 102 a-n may parse the HTTP response to identify the hostname of the appliance 200 with the unique string generated by the encoder 1212. By parsing the HTTP response from the appliance 200, the client 102 a-n may generate another HTTP request. The HTTP request may include the address for the application. The address for the application in the request may be an absolute URL. The address may include the protocol, the unique string generated by the encoder 1212, and the hostname of the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the unique string generated by the encoder 1212 may be prefixed to the hostname of the appliance 200. In some embodiments, the address may also include the application pathname and/or one or more parameters. The generated HTTP request may include a header field and/or a message body. The header field may include a method for the request (e.g., GET, POST, etc.) and the file pathname. The header field may also include a host field including the hostname of the appliance 200 and the unique string generated by the encoder 1212. In some embodiments, the header field may also include a session management cookie. The HTTP request generated by the client 102 a-n in response to the HTTP response from the appliance 200 may be, for example, of the following form:

GET /homepage.html   HTTP/1.1 Host: xyz123.nsg.citrix.com User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) Cookie: Session-Cookie=value By including the hostname of the appliance 200, the HTTP request generated by the client 102 a-n may be directed by the DNS server to the appliance 200.

The request handler 1210 may receive the HTTP request with the unique string generated by the encoder 1212 and the hostname of the appliance 200 from the client 102 a-n. As the host header field may include the hostname of the appliance 200, the HTTP request transmitted by the client 102 a-n may land on the appliance 200, as opposed to proceeding directly to the server 106 a-n hosting the application. In this manner, the HTTP request may be routed through the appliance 200 intermediary between the client 102 a-n and the server 106 a-n, thereby allowing network traffic analysis and enhanced security. The request handler 1210 may parse the HTTP request to identify a URL portion. The URL portion may identify the application hosted on the server 106 a-n. The request handler 1210 may parse the HTTP request to identify the header field and/or the message body. From the parsed HTTP request, the request handler 1210 may parse the HTTP request to identify the unique string previously generated by the encoder 1212. The request handler 1210 may parse the HTTP request to identify the file pathname. The application pathname may reference a particular service, function, or otherwise portion of the application hosted on the server 106 a-n.

Once the HTTP request from the client 102 a-n is parsed, the decoder 1216 may decode the unique string to obtain the hostname of the serve 106 a-n. In some embodiments, the decoder 1216 may decode the unique string to obtain the hostname of the server 106 a-n. In some embodiments, the decoder 1216 may search for the hostname of the server 106 a-n using the unique string in the database 1204 of resources available for access by the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, responsive to finding the unique string in the database 1204, the decoder 1216 may identify the hostname of the server 106 a-n mapped to or associated with the unique string in the database 1204. For example, the database 1204 may include a mapping of unique strings generated by the encoder 1210 to the hostname corresponding to resources on various servers 106 a-n. In this example, the decoder 1216 may perform a lookup of the database 1204 and upon finding the unique string retrieve or otherwise identify the hostname of the server 106 a-n mapped to the unique string.

In some embodiments, the decoder 1216 may obtain the hostname of the server 106 a-n from the unique string, using one or more reverse decoding schemes. The one or more reverse decoding schemes may be the same as the one or more encoding schemes used by the encoder 1210 to generate the unique string. The one or more reverse decoding schemes may include, for example, symmetric key encryption, base-64 encoding, base-32 encoding, and cryptographic hashing (e.g., Secure Hash Algorithm 2, Fast Syndrome Based Hash, Message-Digest Algorithm, Block Cipher, etc.), among others or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the decoder 1216 may determine or search for the one or more keys used to generate the unique string in the database 1204 of resources available for access by the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, responsive to finding the one or more keys used to generate the unique string in the database 1204, the decoder 1216 may apply one or more reverse decoding schemes using the respective one or more keys on the unique string to obtain the hostname of the server 106 a-n. For example, upon extracting the unique string from the HTTP response, the decoder 1216 may perform a lookup of the rainbow table in the database 1204 using the unique string to identify the key used to generate the unique string. In this example, the decoder 1216 may then apply the previous encoding scheme to reverse the encoding and obtain the unique string using the key to generate the hostname of the server 106 a-n.

Having received the HTTP request at the appliance 200, in some embodiments, the authentication engine 1204 may determine whether the host header of the received HTTP request including the cookie from the client 102 a-n matches the rewritten absolute URL corresponding to the domain value for the set-cookie header of the HTTP request from the server 106 a-n. The cookie may indicate an interaction or an event at the client 102 a-n on the resource provided by the server 106 a-n via the appliance 200. The rewritten absolute URLs may be stored at the database 1204 of resources available for access by the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, responsive to determining that the host header of the cookie from the client 102 a-n matches the absolute rewritten URL corresponding to the domain value of the set-cookie header from the server 106 a-n, the authentication engine 1204 may replace the hostname in the rewritten absolute URL corresponding to the device 200 with the hostname of the server 106 a-n. In some embodiments, responsive to determining that the host header of the cookie from the client 102 a-n does not match the absolute rewritten URL corresponding to the domain value of the set-cookie header from the server 106 a-n, the authentication engine 1204 may replace or delete the cookie from the HTTP response received from the client 102 a-n.

With the hostname of the server 106 a-n decoded from the unique string in the HTTP request, the authentication engine 1204 may perform a single sign-on for the user of the client 102 a-n with the server 106 a-n for the application. In some embodiments, the authentication engine 1204 may send a security assertion mark-up language (SAML) assertion to the server 106 a-n. In some embodiments, the authentication engine 1204 may generate or create a SAML profile for the user of the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, the authentication engine 1204 may forward the SAML assertion with the generated SAML profile using an HTTP binding mechanism (e.g., HTTP Post binding or HTTP artifact binding, etc.). Receipt of the SAML assertion may cause the server 106 a-n to transmit an authentication token to the authentication engine 1204. The authentication engine 1204 may subsequently receive the authentication token from the server 106 a-n. In some embodiments, the authentication token may be included in a session cookie sent by the server 106 a-n. The session cookie may serve as the authentication token for communications for the application. In this manner, the authentication engine 1204 may allow the client 102 a-n to access the application hosted at the server 106 a-n without having multiple sign-ins.

In some embodiments, the authentication engine 1204 may determine whether the single sign-on is successful. In some embodiments, the authentication engine 1204 may determine that the sign-on is successful from receiving the authentication token from the server 106 a-n. In some embodiments, the authentication engine 1204 may receive a success indicator from the server 106 a-n. The success indicator may indicate success of authentication with the server 106 a-n for the user of the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, the authentication engine 1204 may receive a failure indicator from the server 106 a-n. The failure indicator may indicate failure of authentication with the server 106 a-n for the user of the client 102 a-n. If the success indicator is received, the authentication engine 1204 may determine that the single sign-on is successful. In some embodiments, the authentication engine 1204 may also receive a session cookie. The session cookie may be used by the authentication engine 1204 as the authentication token. In contrast, if the failure indicator is received, the authentication engine 1204 may determine that the single sign-on failed.

In some embodiments, the authentication engine 1206 may generate a session cookie corresponding to an authenticated session between the client 102 a-n and the server 106 a-n to keep track of state information of the authenticated session. The session cookie may include a domain value corresponding to the hostname of the appliance 200. The state information of the authenticated session may include the hostname of the appliance 200 and an expiration timestamp specifying when a cookie is to remain on the client 102 a-n. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 may transmit an HTTP response including a set-cookie header with the domain value to the client 102 a-n. The HTTP response may be, for example, be of the form:

      HTTP/1.1  200 OK       Set-Cookie: NSG_SESSION_ID=98765; Domain=nsg. sslvpn.citrix.com; Path=/; In some embodiments, the authentication engine 1206 may receive an HTTP response including the cookie from the client 102 a-n.

Having successfully authenticated with the server 106 a-n, the access provider 1208 may communicate with the server 106 a-n according to the obtained hostname of the server 106 a-n, regarding the received HTTP request. In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may generate a HTTP request to send to the server 106 a-n using the hostname 106 a-n decoded from the unique string included in the HTTP request from the client 102 a-n. The HTTP request to be sent to the server 106 a-n may include one or more headers and/or message body. The header may include the application pathname of the HTTP request received from the client 102 a-n. The header may also include the hostname of the server 106 a-n identified based on decoding the unique string included in the HTTP request received from the client 102 a-n. The header may also include the session cookie. The session cookie may correspond to the authentication token. The HTTP request to be sent to the server 106 a-n may, for example, be of the following form:

GET /homepage.html HTTP/1.1 Host: mycompany.salesforce.com User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) Cookie: Session-Cookie=auth-token In this manner, subsequent communications from the client 102 a-n for the application may be routed through the appliance 200 and onto the server 106 a-n hosting the application.

Subsequently, the appliance 200 may receive one or more HTTP responses from the server 106 a-n for the application. The one or more HTTP responses from the server 106 a-n may include an address to a particular functionality of the application. The address may be included in the header. The address may be an absolute URL or a relative URL. The absolute URL may include the hostname of the server 106 a-n and the file pathname to the particular functionality of the application. The relative URL may include the file pathname of the particular functionality of the application, and may lack the hostname of the server 106 a-n. The file pathname in the relative URL may be generally dynamically. The access provider 1208 may parse the HTTP request to identify the included address. The access provider 1208 may parse the address to identify the hostname of the server 106 a-n. The access provider 1208 may determine whether the address included in the HTTP response is an absolute URL or a relative URL based on presence of the hostname of the server 106 a-n. In this manner, the access provider 1208 may identify HTTP responses with absolute URLs, without identifying relative URLs.

If the HTTP response from the server 106 a-n includes an absolute URL, the rewriter 1214 may identify the unique string corresponding to the hostname of the server 106 a-n. In some embodiments, the rewriter 1214 may access the database 1204 to search for the unique string corresponding to the hostname of the server 106 a-n. Once found, the rewriter 1214 may generate an HTTP response to forward to the client 102 a-n. The HTTP response may include a header and/or a message body. The message body may be set to include the message body of the HTTP response from the server 106 a-n for the application. The header may be set to include the hostname of the appliance 200 with the unique string previously generated by the encoder 1212. In this manner, when the user of the client 102 a-n clicks on a link including the absolute URL of the received HTTP response, the resultant HTTP request generated by the client 102 a-n may land on the appliance 200, as opposed to proceeding directly to the server 106 a-n. The access provider 1208 may then transmit or forward the generated HTTP response to the client 102 a-n.

On the other hand, if the HTTP response from the server 106 a-n includes a relative URL, the access provider 1208 may maintain the relative URL included in the HTTP response. The access provider 1208 may forward the HTTP response to the client 102 a-n, without rewriting the relative URL. The HTTP response forwarded to the client 102 a-n may include the same header and message body as the HTTP response received from the server 106 a-n. Afterward, when the user of the client 102 a-n clicks on a link including the relative URL of the receive HTTP response, the resultant HTTP request generated by the client 102 a-n may still land on the appliance 200, even though the relative URL does not include the hostname of the appliance 200. This may be because the browser executing on the client 102 a-n may include the hostname of the appliance 200 with the unique string generated by the encoder 1210 for the hostname of the server 106 a-n. As such, any such resultant HTTP request generated by clicking the link with relative URL may be directed at the appliance 200. The resultant HTTP request may be, for example, of the following form:

GET /users/john/sales.html HTTP/1.1 Host: xyz123.nsg.citrix.com User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) Cookie: Session-Cookie=value where “/users/john/sales.html” may be a relative URL that may be dynamically generated and “xyz123.nsg.citrix.com” may be the hostname of the appliance 200 prefixed with the unique string (“xyz123”) for the hostname of the server 106 a-n. Advantageously, by maintaining relative URLs included in the HTTP response from the server 106 a-n to be forwarded to the client 102 a-n, the access provider 1208 may circumvent technical challenges regarding rewriting relative URLs.

By routing traffic flow from the client 102 a-n for the application hosted at the server 106 a-n via the appliance 200, the proxy engine 1202 may provide for enhanced security and visibility to the enterprise by allowing for data packet inspection. Furthermore, the proxy engine 1202 may provide various web and security insights about the traffic flow to the enterprise and statistics regarding usage patterns of the users of the client 102 a-n for the application. The proxy engine 1202 may allow enterprise administrators to configure and control various logging parameters, traffic inspection parameters, insight parameters, and statistics collection parameters, among others.

In some embodiments, appliance 200 may be associated with the identity provider (IdP), and the functionalities of the appliance 200 may be IdP-initiated. In such embodiments, the appliance 200 may act as the Security Markup Language (SAML) assertion IdP, and may initiate the application launch flow for any SaaS application requested by the user of the client 102 a-n.

In some embodiments, the appliance 200 may be associated with the service provider (SP). The SP may authorize the IdP to provide applications to the client 102 a-n on behalf of the SP. In such embodiments, the appliance 200 may act as the SAML assertion IdP for the SaaS applications. In such embodiments, the client 102 a-n may initially access the server 106 a-n directly with the public domain name of the server 106 a-n associated with the SP. The client 102 a-n may transmit an HTTP request including the public domain name of the server 106 a-n. The server 106 a-n in turn may respond with an HTTP redirect response including the domain name of the appliance 200. Receipt of the HTTP redirect response may cause the client 102 a-n to be redirected to the appliance 200.

The authentication engine 1206 may also generate and transmit an HTTP redirect response to the client 102 a-n. The HTTP redirect response may include an address (e.g., FQDN or URL) that is configured to resolve to the IP address of a layer 7 content-switching server or a virtual private network virtual server in the appliance 200. The address may also include an identifier (e.g., the unique string) to identify the SP. The authentication engine 1206 may also set the session-cookie of the HTTP redirect response in the manner described herein. While sending the HTTP redirect response, the authentication engine 1206 may generate the address such that the proxy engine 1202 may identify the SP when the agent executing on the client 102 a-n sends the subsequent HTTP request to the proxy engine 1202. Receipt of the HTTP redirect response may cause the client 102 a-n (e.g., user's browser) to send another HTTP request with the address referencing the appliance 200 (e.g., redirects to a FQDN/URL that would resolve to the IP address of a content switching server or a VPN virtual server hosted in the appliance 200). At this point, the authentication engine 1206 may also authenticate using a single sign-on with the service provider by sending the SAML assertion to the server 106 a-n. The server 106 a-n of the SP may be configured to receive the SAML assertion from the appliance 200 on behalf of the client 102 a-n. The client 102 a-n and the appliance 200 may then continue with the remainder of the IdP initiated flow. In this manner, even if the server 106 a-n associated with the SP initially receives the request directly from the client 102 a-n (e.g., user's browser), subsequent communications may be redirected via the proxy engine 1202, and the authentication engine 1206 may perform the single sign on process with the server 106 a-n using the SAML assertion on behalf of the client 102 a-n.

In some embodiments, the authentication engine 1206 of the appliance 200 may operate as a Cloud Access Security Broker (CASB) in the IdP-initiated flow and/or the SdP-initiated flow. By operating as the CASB, the proxy engine 1202 executing on the appliance 200 may eliminate having each server 106 a-n implement a CASB solution or any other security mechanism of its own. By altering the SdP-initiated flow, the schema of system 1200 a may allow the proxy engine 1202 to act as a CASB broker. After the server 106 a-n associated with SP redirects the client 102 a-n to the proxy engine 1202 maintained by the IdP, the proxy engine 1202 may manage communications between the client 102 a-n and the server 106 a-n using the rewritten address as explained above and then perform the single sign on by sending the SAML to the server 106 a-n. Keeping the SAML token on the authentication engine 1206 without exposing the SAML token to the client 102 a-n may further improve security, as this configuration may prevent malicious devices (e.g., one of the clients 102 a-n) connected to the network 104 from gaining unauthorized access to the application hosted on the server 106 a-n by getting ahold of the SAML token. The user may not have direct access to the application without going through the appliance 200. Moreover, as the user on the client 102 a-n may have to access the applications through the appliance 200, the proxy engine 1202 executing on the appliance 200 may hide backend application cookies from the client 102 a-n by storing on memory and may inject the cookie to the application in the request forwarded to the server 106 a-n instead.

In addition, the proxy engine 1202 on the appliance 200 may serve as a CASB for applications hosted at the server 106 a-n. In some embodiments, the appliance 200 may be deployed as a last hop such that the clear traffic may be limited and may be close to the final destination (e.g., the server 106 a-n or client 102 a-n) when the application hosted on the server 106 a-n may use a communication protocol different from SSL TLS. With authorization policies on the authentication engine 1206 of the proxy engine 1202, the application hosted at the server 106 a-n may be controlled by the proxy engine 1202 in accordance to access control specifications set by a network administrator of the IdP. In some embodiments, the access control specifications may specify that the client 102 a-n may have read-only access (e.g., GET or HEAD) the application hosted at the server 106 a-n, but not have write access. In some embodiments, the access control specifications may specify that the client 102 a-n may have read and write access (e.g., GET, HEAD, PUT, POST, or DELETE) the application hosted at the server 106 a-n. The access control may be further restricted or secured by launching an XenApp hosted virtual browser application through the proxy engine 1202, such that data from the application hosted on the server 106 a-n do not leave a trace or other data on the client 102 a-n accessing the application. The authentication engine 1206 may also allow for single point of access for SaaS and other applications hosted at the server 106 a-n and a single place to revoke access for any user at any time. In addition, performing scans of the client 102 a-n prior to log-on may ensure enterprise credentialing is not sniffed or accessed in an unauthorized manner. Furthermore, the authentication engine 1206 may monitor or detect for malware or other unauthorized activity when or as the user of the client 102 a-n is accessing the application hosted at the server 106 a-n.

Referring to FIG. 12B, depicted is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system 1200 b for providing access to an application hosted on a server via multiple intermediaries for a clientless session. The system 1200 b may include all the components of system 1200 a and the functionalities thereof. The system 1200 b may include one or more appliances 200 a-n, a controller 1218, on premise datacenters 1220 a-n, and cloud-hosted services 1222. The system 1200 b may also include a centralized database 1204 with similar functionality as in system 1200 a shared among the multiple appliances 200 a-n. The controller 1218 may control data flow (e.g., load balance) of network traffic between the clients 102 a-n and one or more appliances 200 a-n. The controller 1218 may also control data flow of network traffic between the one or more appliances 200 a-n with the cloud services 1222 a-n and the on premise datacenters 1220 a-n. Each of the cloud services 1222 a-n and each of the on premise datacenters 1220 a-n may include a server 106 a-n with similarity functionality as described above with system 1200 a. The cloud services 1222 a-n may be operated by a third-party provider associated with the service provider of the application, and may host the application accessed by the client(s) 102 a-n. The on premise datacenters 1220 a-n may be operated by the service provider directly and may host the application accessed by the client(s) 102 a-n.

In this manner, the intermediary device may securely and transparently proxy the cloud-hosted applications and the datacenter-hosted applications without imposing additional authentication prerequisites on the client device (e.g., installation of an agent). In addition, the intermediary device may consolidate cloud-hosted applications and datacenter-hosted applications in a single unified portal, and may perform a single sign-on for all the applications on behalf of the client. The intermediary device may also proxy the data traffic for the applications and may perform inspection of the traffic for security, auditing, and data mining purposes. The enterprise administrators may a single centralized sampling point for obtaining insight and usage patterns for the traffic flow of the applications associated with the enterprise.

Referring to FIG. 12C, depicted is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method 1222 for providing access to an application hosted on a server via an intermediary (e.g., for a clientless session). The operations and functionalities of method 1222 may be implemented using system 1200 a or 1200 b described above. In brief overview, the client may transmit a request for an application hosted at the server (1224). The appliance may encode a hostname of the server (1226). The appliance may send the encoded hostname for storage at the database (1228). The appliance may transmit a redirect response with the unique string to the client (1230). The client may transmit a request using the unique string (1232). The appliance may fetch mapping for the unique string (1234). The appliance may forward a request rewritten using the hostname of the server to the server (1236). The server may transmit a response to the appliance (1238). The appliance may rewrite absolute URL with the unique string (1240). The appliance may fetch mapping for domain-based cookies (1242). The appliance may forward the response from the server to the client (1244). The client may transmit an additional request (1246).

Referring to (1224), and in some embodiments, the client may transmit a request for an application hosted at the server. A clientless secure socket layer virtual private network (SSL VPN) connection may have been established between the client and the appliance. Through the connection, the client may log-in with the identity provider associated with the appliance. In response to a successful log-in, the appliance may provide the client with a link to the application hosted at the server. The link to the application may include an address for the application. The URL for the address may be absolute, and may include a protocol, a hostname of the appliance, a hostname of the server, and one or more parameters. The link may also include an application pathname to a particular feature of the application. The hostname of the appliance and the hostname of the server may each be a fully qualified domain name. The address of the application may, for example, be of the form (“https://nsg.citrix.com/service-app-url=https://company.service_1.com/homepage.html”). The client may generate a request with the address of the application, and may transmit the request to the server.

Referring to (1226), and in some embodiments, the appliance may encode a hostname of the server. The appliance may in turn receive the request from the client. The appliance may parse the request to identify the address of the appliance. Using the address, the appliance may identify the hostname of the server (e.g., “company.service_1.com”). The appliance may generate a unique string (e.g., “xyz123”) for the hostname of the server using one or more encoding schemes, such as symmetric key encryption, base-32 encoding, base-64 encoding and/or cryptographic hashing (e.g., Secure Hash Algorithm 2, Fast Syndrome Based Hash, Message-Digest Algorithm, Block Cipher, etc.).

Referring to (1228), and in some embodiments, the appliance may send the unique string for storage at the database. The appliance may store or register the unique string at the database. The appliance may store a mapping of the generated unique string to the hostname of the server hosting the application requested by the client. The mapping may be indexed by the hostname of the server. The appliance may also store the generated unique string with keys for the encoding schemes used to generate the unique store at the database.

Referring to (1230), and in some embodiments, the appliance may transmit a redirect response with the unique string to the client. Using the unique string, the appliance may generate a response. The response may include one or more headers and/or a message body. The one or more headers may include a redirect address. The redirect address may be set by the appliance to include the hostname of the appliance and the generated unique string (e.g., “xyz123.nsg. sslvpn.citrix.com”). The redirect address may also include the pathname (e.g., “/homepage.html”) included in the address of the request (e.g., “xyz123.nsg. sslvpn.citrix.com/homepage.html”). The one or more headers may include a status code. The status code may be set by the appliance to redirect (e.g., 302 Found) to cause the client to be redirected to the addressed include in the header of the response. Once generated, the appliance may send the redirect response to the client.

Referring to (1232), and in some embodiments, the client may transmit a request using the unique string to the appliance. Upon receipt of the redirect response, the client may generate another request. The generated request may include one or more headers and/or a message body. The one or more headers may include an address. The address may be set by the client to include the address of the redirect response with the unique string from the appliance (e.g., “xyz123.nsg.sslvpn.citrix.com/homepage.html”). The client may then send the request with the unique string to the appliance. In this manner, the request sent by the client may land on the appliance, instead of landing directly at the server.

Referring to (1234), and in some embodiments, the appliance may fetch a mapping for the unique string. Once the request is received from the client, the appliance may parse the request to identify the address. The appliance may identify the unique string included in the address. The appliance may then access the database to retrieve a mapping of the unique string to the hostname of the server. The appliance may also decode the unique string, using one or more decoding schemes, such as symmetric key encryption, base-32 encoding, base-64 encoding and/or cryptographic hashing (e.g., Secure Hash Algorithm 2, Fast Syndrome Based Hash, Message-Digest Algorithm, Block Cipher, etc.). The appliance may then identify the hostname of the server (e.g., “company.service_1.com”).

Referring to (1236), and in some embodiments, the appliance may forward the request rewritten using the hostname of the server. Using the hostname of the server identified from the unique string, the appliance may generate a request to forward to the server. The request may include one or more headers and/or a message body. The one or more headers may include an address. The address may be set by the appliance to include the hostname of the server and the pathname included in the original request from the client (e.g., “company.service_1.com/homepage.html”). The appliance may then send the request to the server for the application.

Referring to (1238), and in some embodiments, the server may transmit a response. In response to receiving the request from the appliance, the server may generate the response. The response may include one or more headers and/or a message body. The one or more headers may include an address. The address may be an absolute URL or a relative URL. The server may then send the response to the appliance.

Referring to (1240), and in some embodiments, the appliance may rewrite the absolute URL with the unique string. The appliance may receive the response from the server. The appliance may parse the response to identify the address. From the address, the appliance may determine whether the response includes the absolute URL. If the response includes the absolute URL, the appliance may rewrite the address by replacing the hostname of the server with the hostname of the appliance and the unique string generated for the hostname of the server. If the response does not include the absolute URL, the appliance may maintain the relative URL of the address of the response from the server. The appliance may then forward the response, modified or maintained, from the server to the client.

Referring to (1242), and in some embodiments, the appliance may fetch or access a mapping for domain-based cookies. The appliance may parse the response to identify the set-cookie header. The set-cookie header may include a domain value and/or state information of the client associated with the response. The domain value mayor may not include the hostname of the server. The state information may include a cookie identifier associated with the session between the appliance and the client and/or between the appliance and the server. Using the cookie identifier, the appliance may access the database for the mapping for the domain-based cookies with the cookie identifier. The mapping may include a unique string generated for the hostname of the server corresponding to the hostname of the server. Based on the mapping, the appliance may update the database.

Referring to (1244), and in some embodiments, the appliance may forward the response from the server. If the response included an absolute URL, the appliance may send the response modified with the unique string generated for the hostname of the server. If the response included a relative URL, the appliance may send the response with the relative URL maintained. In this manner, any resultant request generated by the client may be directed to the appliance, as the browser executed at the client may include the hostname of the appliance with the unique string prefixed thereto.

Referring to (1246), and in some embodiments, the client may transmit an additional request. The additional request may include one or more headers and/or a message body. The one or more headers may include an address. The address may include the hostname of the appliance and the unique string generated for the hostname of the server in communications for the application hosted at the server and accessed by the client. In this manner, data flow for the application from the client to the server may be directed through the appliance. The functionality of steps 1228 to 1244 may then be repeated.

Referring to FIG. 12D, depicted is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a method 1250 for providing access to an application hosted on a server via an intermediary (e.g., for a clientless session). The operations and functionalities of method 1222 may be implemented using system 1200 a or 1200 b described above, such as the appliance 200 and the database 1204. In brief overview, the device may provide access to an application hosted by the server, the access provided to the client via a link that generates a first Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request for the application (1255). The device may receive the first HTTP request generated via the provided link (1260). The device may rewrite an absolute Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of the application indicated in the first http request, by replacing a first hostname of the server included in the absolute URL, with a URL segment generated by combining a unique string assigned to the first hostname with a second hostname of the device (1265). The device may redirect the client to the rewritten absolute URL of the application (1270). The device may identify the unique string from a host header of a second HTTP request from the client and decode the unique string to obtain the first hostname of the server (1275). The device may perform a single sign-on (SSO) for a user of the client by sending a Security Assertion Mark-Up Language (SAML) assertion to the server (1280).

Referring to (1255), and in some embodiments, the device may provide access to an application hosted by the server, the access provided to the client via a link that generates a first Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request for the application. The access may be provided via a clientless secure sockets layer virtual private network (VPN) session established between the client and the server. The appliance may identify one or more application available to or subscribed by the client. The link used to generate the first HTTP request may include an address. The address may be an absolute URL. The address may include a protocol, a first hostname corresponding to the server, a second hostname corresponding to the device, a file pathname, and one or more URL parameters. The hostname of the server and the hostname of the device may each be a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). Upon detection of a click or another interaction on the link, the client may generate the first HTTP request. The first HTTP request may include one or more header fields and a message body. The header field may include the first hostname corresponding to the server, the file pathname, and the one or more URL parameters in a request method field. The header field may also include the second hostname corresponding to the device in the host field. Once generated, the first HTTP request may be transmitted by the client to the device.

Referring to (1260), and in some embodiments, the device may receive the first HTTP request generated via the provided link. As the first HTTP request may include the first hostname of the device in the host field of the request, the first HTTP request may land at the device, as opposed to directly landing on the server. The device may parse the first HTTP request to identify the header field and/or the message body. From the parsed first HTTP request, the device may identify the first hostname of the server in the request method field.

Referring to (1265), and in some embodiments, the device may rewrite an absolute Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of the application indicated in the first HTTP request, by replacing a first hostname of the server included in the absolute URL, with a URL segment generated by combining a unique string assigned to the first hostname with the second hostname of the device. Using the hostname of the server identified from the first HTTP request, the device may generate a unique string by applying one or more encoding schemes. Examples of encoding schemes may include symmetric key encryption, base-32 encoding, base 64-encoding, and/or cryptographic hashing, among others, or any combination thereof. The device may store or register the unique string as corresponding to the first hostname of the server onto a database. The device may also combine the unique string for the first hostname of the server with the second hostname of the device. The device may then replace the first hostname of the server from the absolute URL with the combined string for the application in first HTTP request.

Referring to (1270), and in some embodiments, the device may redirect the client to the rewritten absolute URL of the application. The domain name system (DNS) server for the client may be configured with a DNS entry comprising an expression to cause the DNS server to resolve the rewritten absolute URL to an internet protocol (IP) address of the device. The device may generate an HTTP response. The HTTP response may include a status code, one or more header fields, and/or a message body. The status code may be set to indicate redirection (e.g., 302 Found) to cause the client to be redirected to the address indicated in the HTTP response. The one or more header fields may include a location header field set to the rewritten absolute URL. The device may transmit the HTTP response to the client. Receipt of the HTTP response may cause the client to send another HTTP request with the request method field set to the rewritten absolute URL.

Referring to (1275), and in some embodiments, the device may identify the unique string from a host header of a second HTTP request from the client and decode the unique string to obtain the first hostname of the server. Receipt of the HTTP response with the redirection status code may cause the client to send another HTTP request with the request method field set to the rewritten absolute URL. The device may subsequently receive the second HTTP request from the client. The second HTTP request may include a header field and/or a message body. The host header field of the header field in the HTTP request may include the rewritten absolute URL previously provided by the device. The device may parse the second HTTP request to identify the rewritten absolute URL from the host header. The device may then identify the unique string from the second hostname corresponding to the device. The device may decode the unique string to obtain the first hostname corresponding to the server, using one or more reverse decoding techniques, such as symmetric key encryption, base-64 encoding, base-32 encoding, and cryptographic hashing (e.g., Secure Hash Algorithm 2, Fast Syndrome Based Hash, Message-Digest Algorithm, Block Cipher, etc.), among others or any combination thereof. The device may also obtain the first hostname corresponding to the server by accessing a database. The database may identify a mapping between the first hostname and the unique string.

Referring to (1280), and in some embodiments, the device may perform a single sign-on (SSO) for a user of the client by sending a Security Assertion Mark-Up Language (SAML) assertion to the server. Prior to forwarding the second HTTP request from the client to the server, the device may perform the SSO. The device may generate a SAML assertion to send to the server. The SAML assertion may include a SAMP profile. Receipt of the SAML assertion may cause the server to issue an authentication token, if validated. The device may determine whether the SSO is successful based on whether the authentication token is received from the server. In this manner, the device may eliminate multiple authentications for the same application hosted at the server.

It should be understood that the systems described above may provide multiple ones of any or each of those components and these components may be provided on either a standalone machine or, in some embodiments, on multiple machines in a distributed system. The systems and methods described above may be implemented as a method, apparatus or article of manufacture using programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof. In addition, the systems and methods described above may be provided as one or more computer-readable programs embodied on or in one or more articles of manufacture. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass code or logic accessible from and embedded in one or more computer-readable devices, firmware, programmable logic, memory devices (e.g., EEPROMs, ROMs, PROMs, RAMs, SRAMs, etc.), hardware (e.g., integrated circuit chip, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), etc.), electronic devices, a computer readable non-volatile storage unit (e.g., CD-ROM, floppy disk, hard disk drive, etc.). The article of manufacture may be accessible from a file server providing access to the computer-readable programs via a network transmission line, wireless transmission media, signals propagating through space, radio waves, infrared signals, etc. The article of manufacture may be a flash memory card or a magnetic tape. The article of manufacture includes hardware logic as well as software or programmable code embedded in a computer readable medium that is executed by a processor. In general, the computer-readable programs may be implemented in any programming language, such as LISP, PERL, C, C++, C#, PROLOG, or in any byte code language such as JAVA. The software programs may be stored on or in one or more articles of manufacture as object code.

While various embodiments of the methods and systems have been described, these embodiments are illustrative and in no way limit the scope of the described methods or systems. Those having skill in the relevant art can effect changes to form and details of the described methods and systems without departing from the broadest scope of the described methods and systems. Thus, the scope of the methods and systems described herein should not be limited by any of the illustrative embodiments and should be defined in accordance with the accompanying claims and their equivalents. 

What is claimed:
 1. A method for providing access to an application, the method comprising: providing, by a device intermediary between a client and a server, access to an application hosted by the server, the access provided to the client via a link that generates a first hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) request for the application; receiving, by the device from the client, the first HTTP request generated via the provided link; rewriting, by the device, an absolute uniform resource locator (URL) of the application indicated in the first HTTP request, by replacing a first hostname of the server included in the absolute URL, with a URL segment generated by combining a unique string assigned to the first hostname with a second hostname of the device; and redirecting, by the device, the client to the rewritten absolute URL of the application, wherein a domain name system (DNS) server for the client is configured with a DNS entry comprising an expression to cause the DNS server to resolve the rewritten absolute URL to an internet protocol (IP) address of the device.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the link comprises a link presented in a browser executing on the client, and the first HTTP request for the application is received from the browser.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the expression comprises a wildcard combined with the second hostname of the device.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, by the device, a second HTTP request from the client comprising the rewritten absolute URL, the rewritten absolute URL causing the DNS to direct the second HTTP request to the device.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising identifying, by the device, the unique string from a host header of a second HTTP request from the client, and decoding the unique string to obtain the first hostname of the server.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising performing, by the device, single sign-on (SSO) for a user of the client by sending a security assertion mark-up language (SAML) assertion to the server.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising receiving, by the device in response to the SAML assertion, an authentication token from the server.
 8. The method of claim 4, further comprising: identifying, by the device from the rewritten absolute URL, a URL portion identifying the application; and sending, by the device, a third HTTP request comprising the identified URL portion to the server to access the application.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: receiving, by the device, a response to the third HTTP request comprising the identified URL portion; rewriting, by the device, a second absolute URL identified in the response, by replacing a third hostname in the second absolute URL with a second URL segment generated by combining a second unique string assigned to the third hostname, with a second hostname of the device; and sending, by the device, the response updated with the rewritten second absolute URL, to the client.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the unique string comprises generating the unique string from the first hostname using an encoding scheme comprising one of: symmetric key encryption or base-32 encoding.
 11. A system for providing access to an application, the system comprising: a proxy engine executing on a device intermediary between a client and a server, the proxy engine configured to: provide access to an application hosted by the server, the access provided to the client via a link that generates a first hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) request for the application; receive from the client the first HTTP request generated via the provided link; rewrite an absolute uniform resource locator (URL) of the application indicated in the first HTTP request, by replacing a first hostname of the server included in the absolute URL, with a URL segment generated by combining a unique string assigned to the first hostname with a second hostname of the device; and redirect the client to the rewritten absolute URL of the application, wherein a domain name system (DNS) server for the client is configured with a DNS entry comprising an expression to cause the DNS server to resolve the rewritten absolute URL to an internet protocol (IP) address of the device.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the link comprises a link presented in a browser executing on the client, and the first HTTP request for the application is received from the browser.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the expression comprises a wildcard combined with the second hostname of the device.
 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the proxy engine is further configured to receive a second HTTP request from the client comprising the rewritten absolute URL, the rewritten absolute URL causing the DNS to direct the second HTTP request to the device.
 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the proxy engine is further configured to identify the unique string from a host header of a second HTTP request from the client, and decode the unique string to obtain the first hostname of the server.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the proxy engine is further configured to perform single sign-on (SSO) for a user of the client by sending a security assertion mark-up language (SAML) assertion to the server.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the proxy engine is further configured to receive, in response to the SAML assertion, an authentication token from the server.
 18. The system of claim 14, wherein the proxy engine is further configured to identify, from the rewritten absolute URL, a URL portion identifying the application, and send a third HTTP request comprising the identified URL portion to the server to access the application.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the proxy engine is further configured to receive a response to the third HTTP request comprising the identified URL portion, rewrite a second absolute URL identified in the response by replacing a third hostname in the second absolute URL with a second URL segment generated by combining a second unique string assigned to the third hostname, with a second hostname of the device, and send the response updated with the rewritten second absolute URL to the client.
 20. The system of claim 11, wherein the proxy engine is further configured to generate the unique string from the first hostname using an encoding scheme comprising one of: symmetric key encryption or base-32 encoding. 